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‘¢ Onines res creatze sunt divine sapientie et potenti testes, divitiz felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper zestimata ; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Linnaovs.
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00 Oo ...-.. . Lhe sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread,, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute.
J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818.
CONTENTS OF VOL, XVI.
[FIFTH SERIES.]
NUMBER XCI.
I, On some Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa. By Joun J.. QuricH, B.Sc. (Lond.), Natural History Museum. (Plates I. & IL)
II. Notes to the Australian Sponges recently described by H. J. Carter, F.R.S. By Dr. R. v. LENDENFELD, in Sydney ..........
IIL. On the Teredo utriculus of Gmelin, with remarks upon other Ship-worms. By Syitvanus Hanuey, F.LS. &. ..............
IV. Report on the Testaceous Mollusca obtained during a Dredging- excursion in the Gulf of Suez in the Months of February and March 1869. By Rosert MacANpREw.—Republished, with Additions and Corrections, by ALFRED Hanps Coons, M.A., Curator in Zoo- logy, Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge.— Praia ble Peng Soo ako SOc fate coathes ane hy abe llgha’ cadice, ofasodlera alvlals wae ais
V. On Doratopteryx of Rogenhofer, a Genus of Moths allied to Himantopterus. By AniHuR G. BUTLER, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &. ....
VI. On the Blue-helted Species of the Butterfly-genus Prothvé. Bye RrHiR Go BUTLER HAS EA S566. 0. disci cess ee es
VII. Notes on Mesozoic Cockroaches. By SamurLt H. ScuppDER.
New Books:—The Birds of Lancashire. By F. 8. MircHeri.— Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palontologia Indica, being Figures and Descriptions of the Organic Remains procured during the Progress of the Geological Survey of India. Series x. Indian Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Vertebrata. Vol. UI. Parts 1-5. By R. Lypexxsr, B.A., F.GS., F.Z.S.— Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Paleeontologia Indica, being Figures and Descriptions of the Organic Remains procured during the Progress of the Geological Survey of India. Series iv. Vol. I. Part 4. The Labyrinthodont from the
Bijori Group. By R, LypEKKeEr, B.A., F.G.S., F.Z.8..... 65-
Page
ws
IV CONTENTS. ss
ets Page A long-tongued Pteropine Bat from West Africa, by Dr. H. A. Pagenstecher ; On the Mode of Development of Cantharis vesi- catoria, by MOH. Beauregard, © ..:....!. eee eee 74 NUMBER XCII. VIII. Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of the Lacertilia. By GoASBOULENGER: (5 0006002 one 1d eet » lero nel eee 77 TX. Second List of Reptiles and Batrachians from the Province Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, sent to the Natural-History Museum by Dr Ey you thernns: “By GA. BOwLENGER: | .55 1-0-1 eee 85 X. On the “Tag” of Celopleurus Maillardi, Mich. By Prof. P. Mar Tine DUNCAN, BUR Se icici cag cn eo cis Sear ee nis 6g eee 88 XI. Remarks on the Ccelenterate Nature of the Sponges. By RW Want MAR SHEAR ie rier. Felege tole vis olelos ie. «intel «esac ee 90 XII. On some Points in the Morphology of the Echinoderms, and more especially of the Crinoids. By P. Hersert CarpEnter, D.Sc., IE R:S.; Assistant) Master at Eton College <. 2...) J 15.5 saeeeee 100 XIII. Deseription of a new Species of the Zetides Section of Rapiliom Dy, EM GORE S.A oe aoe. ioraee eee 120 XIV. A new Frog (Rana sternosignata) from Sind. By James A. Murray, Curator of the Kurrachee Municipal Museum........ wb, XV. Description of two new Curculionide (Ectemnorhinus) from Marion Islands. By CHARLES O. WATERHOUSE ..............0- 121 XVI. On the Relationship of Ulodendron, Lindley and Hutton, to Lepidodendron, Sternberg; Bothrodendron, Lindley and Hutton ; Sigillaria, Brongniart ; and Rhytidodendron, Boulay. By Rosrerr iKapsron, EG:S: (Blates UE =Villl.) aro. tami eee 123
New Book :—Year-Book of the Scientific and Learned Societies of Great Britain and Ireland; comprising Lists of the Papers read during 1884 before Societies engaged in fourteen Departments of Research, with the Names of the Authors. Compiled from
Official Sources. Second Annual Issue .........:.......... 139 Proceedings of the Dublin Microscopical Club .............. 140—149 Proceedings of the Geological Society .............eese se eeeeeee 149
On the Existence of a Nervous System in the Accelous Planarize and of a new Sense-organ in Convoluta Schultzi, by M. Yves Delage; The Nest of the Fifteen-spined Stickleback, by Prof. Karl Mobius; F’reta ampulla, the Flask-Animalcule, by Prof. Karl Mobius ; On Adamsia palliata, by M. Faurot; Note on “ Deep- sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa,” by J. J. Quelch, B.Sc. (Gb Rese rene wn ea ALLE CAG ac 5.33 150—156
CONTENTS. Vv
NUMBER XCIII.
XVIL. On Phenicurus. By M. H. pp Lacaze-DuTHiers...... 157
XVIII. On the Relationship of Ulodendron, Lindley and Hutton, to Lepidodendron, Sternberg ; Bothrodendron, Lindley and Hutton ; Sigillaria, Brongniart ; Rhytidodendron, Boulay. By Roprrr Krp-
EUNICE oe foc8e 4 ile fcas eaeay Hoesia, og ehcunlatiny oh of op Sueno Soa araueteyay Voc oue as eeetons 162 XIX. Ona Variety of the Freshwater Sponge Meyenia fluviatilis, auetiyarom Elorida. By H. J. Cantar, FURS, &e, ......-. 505: 179
XX. Diagnoses of new Species of Cephalopoda collected during the Cruise of H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’—Part II. The Decapoda. By Witiiam E. Hoyze, M.A. (Oxon), M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Naturalist fombowaChalllenger’? Commission: 00.6062 .s ye cree eo eee eee time soe 181
XXI. New Species of Histerrde, with Synonymical Notes. By Re TIEN MIM WIS: thnks dhs cTibra ais, soles oeimiale Sart « oF Saba eS aaa « 203
XXII. Critical Notes on Dr. Augustus Gruber’s “ Contributions to the Knowledge of the Amaebe.” By Surgeon-Major WatL.icy,
New Books:—Australian Museum. Catalogue of the Australian Hydroid Zoophytes. By W. M. Barz.—Elementary Text-Book piimiomolosy. By NV. KIRBY. 22 c\cncscte ses cen 227—230
_ Proceedings of the Geological Society .................000., 230, 231
On a new State of Reticularian Rhizopods, by M. de Folin ; Descrip- tion of a new Crustacean allied to Homarus and Nephrops, by Sidney I. Smith; On a Crocodile-skull from the Tertiary De- posits of Egeenburg in Lower Austria, by Franz Toula and Jighemia AS ISG ae obonganconbo ose an npn. aae oa ce 232—236
NUMBER XCIV.
XXIII. Descriptions of two new Species of Araneidea. By the Rey. O. P. Campripgr, M.A. &e. (Plate IX. A. figs. 1 & 2.)°.... 237
XXIV. On the Relationship of Ulodendron, Lindley and Hutton, to Lepidodendron, Sternberg ; Bothrodendron, Lindley and Hutton; Siyil- laria, Brongniart ; and Rhytidodendron, Boulay. By Rosrrr Kip- STON, F.G.8.
COCCI, i Tt TT
XXV. Chilomonas paramecium. By SARA GWENDOLEN FouLkKn. (Plate LX. B. figs. 1-6.)
XXVI. Report on the Testaceous Mollusca obtained during a Dredging-excursion in the Gulf of Suez in the Months of February and March 1869. By Roperr MacAnprEw.—Republished, with Additions and Corrections, by ALFRED Hanps Cooke, M.A., Curator
in Zoology, Museum of Zoolozy and Comparative Anatomy, Cam- bridge.— Part III. i
vi CONTENTS.
Page
XXVII. Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. By H. J. Carrer, F.R.S. &..... 277
XXVIII. Remarks on a Paper by Prof. EK. D. Cope on the Rep- tiles of the Province Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. By G. A. Bow- EEINGIEB pois 0 ey areiece soils, 6 nyore 9 aye le spayalermia ey oieve ee Oe 294
XXIX. Ona Collection of Lepidoptera made at Manipur and on the Borders of Assam by Dr. George Watt. By Arruur G. Burier, FLLS.,.F.Z:8., &e. (Plate VIL) 2 2.0.5. 3. . he 298
Proceedings of the Geological Society .............cee cess 310—312
On the Brisingide of the Expedition of the ‘Talisman,’ by M. Edmond Perrier; On a new Species of Land-Tortoise, brought by M. Humblot to the Museum of Natural History, by M. Léon Vaillant; Orientation of the Embryo and Formation of the Co- coon in Pertplaneta orientalis, by M. P. Hallez..... vee, JL2—815
NUMBER XCV.
XXX. Critical Observations on Prof. Leidy’s ‘‘ Freshwater Rhizo- pods of North America,” and Classification of the Rhizopods in general. By Surgeon-Major Watticu, M.D................... 317
XXXI. On a Collection of Lepidoptera made at Manipur and on the Borders of Assam by Di. George Watt. By Arruour G. owe EMS. EAS. y OCC. tal fe cialis eleiele i> «lode (chee 354
XXXII. Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. By H. J. Carrer, F.R.S. &c..... 547
XXXII. On an Example of Polymorphism in the Amphipoda. By Cuarues Curmton, M.A. (New Zealand). (Plate X.)........ 368
XXXIV. Notes on Australian Lepidoptera, with Descriptions of new Species. By RupoLPH Rosenstock, B.A. (Plate XI.) .... 376
XXXV. Note on JLaceripora cribrosa, Hichwald. By RoBErtr ErHeERipGs, Jun., and ArTHUR H. Foorp, F.G.S. .............. 385
XXXVI. Remarks on Mr. C. W. De Vis’s recent Contributions to the Herpetology of Australia. By G. A, BouLENGER ........ 386
XXXVII. A List of Reptiles and Batrachians from the Island of Nias.) By Ge AS BoumENGER 2.00.3 .e ec ewan ee. cece eee 388
New Books:—A History of British Birds. By Witi1amM YARRELL, V.P.LS., F.Z.8. Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged : Vols. I. & Il. by AtFRED Newron, M.A., F.R.S.; Vols, HI. & IV.
CONTENTS. ; Vil
Page by Howarp Saunpers, F.LS., F.Z.S., &e.—Russian_ Central Asia. By Henry Lanspext, D.D.—Our Insect Enemies. By pre VOOD) . 2. 15. c.sueeycuerereitr feiss airy lets Sars 390—394
A Classification of the Sponges, by Prof. Sollas, D.Sc.; On the Pelagic Annelides of the Bay of Algiers, by M. C. Viguier; On the Organization of Truncatella, by M. A. Vayssiére ; On the Development of Aurelia awvita and Cotylorhiza borbonica, by Dr. A. Gotte; On the Original Fundamental Numbers of Medusee and Echinoderms, by Wilhelm Haacke...............- 395—899
NUMBER XCVI.
XXXVIII. The Victorella pavida of Saville Kent. By E. C. Bousriretp, L.R.C.P. Lond. (Plate XII. figs. 1-3.) ............ 401
XXXIX. Diagnoses of the new Species of Galatheidea collected during the ‘Challenger’ Expedition. By J. R. Henprrson, M.B., F.LS.
XL. Notes on Australian Lepidoptera, with Descriptions of new Species by RUDOLPH ROSENSTOCK, BtA. ...........0.00-:--> 421
XLI. Note on Ceratiwm hrundinella (O. F. Miller), its Variability and Mode of Reproduction. By Dr. Henri Buanec. (Plate XII. EBS, GBs) 0 © Obie AOE TO ECE ROIS nea Ire Cee eS en Pe arta an 444
XLII. Critical Observations on Prof. Leidy’s “ Freshwater Rhizo- pods of North America,” and Classification of the Rhizopods in
general. By Surgeon-Major Watiicu, M.D. ........... patch 453 XLII. Descriptions of three new Species of Geckos. By G. A.
BE aNraURES NG TOLD reed Nor ac retouch cao ia y <yare) sien eke sote act BueBeee dp oS. dutiaashag 3a east 473 XLIV. Notice of two Lumbrici with bifid Hinder Ends. By Prof.
LE), g/SPTDTAAR ORV I BST Ops ER me Petr Pee ne at ee 475 XLV. Trachelius ovum. By SARA GWENDOLEN FOULKE ...... 477
XLVI. Description of the Marsupial Egg of Echidna hystrix. By Epwarp P. Ramsay, Esq., F.L.8., C.M.Z.8. (Communicated by Sir HapOse ne Ke Cs, BES OcCo) oct ada Siets « Maley wise seek osgeen cos « 479
XLVII. Notes from the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory (under the Fishery Board for Scotland). By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., LL.D., BEpoeroce.=—No- ITD; - (Plate XO) oe see. vec ery pene ea es yore 480
XLVIII. On the Nest and Development of Gastrosteus spinachia at the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. By Epwarp E. Prince. MICROMINE) Sete Lane owt wisest ays azo Watered dps ois wenn 487
XLIX. On the Genus Fistulipora, M‘Coy, with Descriptions of several Species. By H. ArtEyNE Nicuoxson, M.D., D.Sc., Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen, and Arruur H. Foorp, F.G.S., late of the Geological Survey of Canada. (Plates XV .—X VIII.)
Vill CONTENTS.
Page New Book :—Contributions to the Knowledge of the Older Meso- zoic Flora of Virginia. By Wrortam Morris Fonratne. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey. Vol. VI. 517
Instinet of Orientation in Helix aspersa, by F.d’A. Furtado ; On the Existence of a Postoral Band of Ciiia in Gasteropod Veligers, by J. Playfair M‘Murrich ; Results of a Faunistic Excursion in the Iser-, Riesen-, and Glatzer Gebirge, by Dr. Otto Zacha- rias; Note on the Blastodermic Vesicle of Mammals, by Prof. A.C. Haddon, M.A.,M.R.I.A.; Noteon Halcampa chrysanthellum, Peach, by Prot. Ay C3 Haddon, MvA. MR LAC). eeee 519—523
PLATES IN VOL. XVI.
Prats I. mT: “TI. Lepidodendron Veltheimianum. nV): Ve evils “NBUE, “VIII. New Indian Lepidoptera. “ TX. New Species of Araneidea.—Chilomonas parameecium. X. Polymorphism in the Amphipoda. - XI. New Australian Lepidoptera. “XII. Victorella pavida—Reproduction of Ceratium hirundinella. “XT. Ova of Callionymus lyra.—Staurocephalus Siberti—Stem of Tubularia indivisa with Crustacean nests. ' XIV. Nest and Development of Gastrosteus spinachia.
Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa.
Lepidodendron Veltheimianum and Species of Sigillaria.
New Species of Fistulipora.
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No. 91. JULY 1885.
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I.—On some Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa. By JOHN J. QUELCH, B.Sc. (Lond.), Natural History Museum.
[Plates I. & II.]
THE forms described in the present paper consist chiefly of deep-sea Hydroida which were obtained by Mr. C. A. Bishop while engaged in repairing the cable off the Cape Verde Islands. With the exception of the variety of Diphasta pinas- ter, which was taken by Mr. Bishop from the Madeira cable off Lisbon, and the specimens of Cryptolaria conferta presented by Miss M‘Lea, the Hydroida were taken by Mr. Bishop from the cable off 8. Antonio, the depth being, as Mr. Bishop assured me, over 500 fathoms. Though but a very small collection, yet the forms obtained are of great interest, since they belong, with but one exception, either to new or rare species, and throw considerable light on the classification of their allied forms. As a contribution to our knowledge of the Hydroida at great depths the collection is a valuable one, while the many points which it serves to elucidate in the characters of structures which had hitherto been imperfectly known or altogether misunderstood give to it a special interest. A definite contribution is thus made to our know-
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xvi. 1
2 Mr. J. J. Quelch on some
ledge of the gonosome of Streptocaulus, which throws consi- derable light on corresponding parts in other genera; while many facts in the variability of the corbula in Aglaophenia, in the development of the ramuli in Streptocaulus and Antennu- laria, and in the occurrence of nematophores in forms (Zygo- phylax) other than the Plumulariide are clearly established.
The specimens were obtained under circumstances of great personal inconvenience by Mr. Bishop as the cable came in, and were carefully dried, preserved, and brought to the British Museum, since, as he expressed to me, he thought it likely that any specimens from the deep sea might be of interest to naturalists. Mr. Bishop has thus earned the thanks of all zoophytologists for this contribution which he has made to their science, and has at the same time set an example to all those who, whatever may be their station in life, have more or less favourable chances of adding to our stock of knowledge.
The specimens of Cryptolaria presented by Miss M‘Lea are especially interesting, since they show the nature of the gonotheca. Of much interest also are the specimens of Dst?- chopora granulosa and D. conferta.
Order HY DROIDA. Family Eudendriide.
Eudendrium annulatum.
Eudendrium annulatum, Norman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1864, p. 83, pl. ix. figs. 1-3.
Two small specimens were obtained, which I have doubt- fully referred to this rare species, with which they agree in their shrubby habit, in their regularly annulated branches, and in the irregular network of small tubes which cover the surface of the main stems. It seems to differ, however, in that its ramules are often much elongated, while the whole hydro- phyton seems to be thinner and much more delicate throughout.
Family Lafoeide.
Lafoéa tenellula,
Lafoéa tenellula, Allman, Mem. of Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, U.S.A. vol. v. no. 2, p. 12, pl. viii. figs. 3 & 4.
Several specimens growing together on a portion of the cable are referable to this species. The specimen on which the species was founded evidently was quite a young one ; for though the ultimate ramuli and the hydrothece are com-
Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa. 3
paratively minute, yet the whole hydrophyton may attain with age a comparatively large size, becoming erect or suberect and branched, with the stem and chief branches fascicled. The peduncle of the hydrotheca is very variable in thickness, but it never becomes very thin; the rings of elongation of the hydrotheca are generally very distinct and from two to four in number. Height of the largest specimen about 80 millim. when placed in water and allowed to disentangle itself from the closely curled manner in which it dries.
Cryptolaria conferta. (Pl. I. fig. 1.)
Cryptolaria conferta, Allman, Mem. of Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, U.S.A. vol. v. no. 2, p. 17, pl. xii. figs. 6-10.
Specimens which do not seem to me to differ from this species have been presented to the British Museum by Miss M‘Lea. On some specimens, which I regard as female stocks, occur curious large elongated bodies, which call to mind the large elongated gonothece of various species of Campanu- laria, and which leave no doubt in my mind that they are the real gonothecz of the species. ‘These bodies are placed on the branchlets and on the distal portion of the main branches, and are directly continuous with one of the fascicled tubes of the stem. They are about from four to six times the length of the free portions of the hydrothece on the distal parts, elongato-cylindrical with a plain circular orifice, con- stricted at the base, where they join the tube of the stem, and attached throughout their whole length to the branch or branchlet from which they arise. They are often much covered at different parts by small fascicled tubes of the stem.
Different structures have been described by Prof. Allman, Mr. 8. F. Clarke, and Mr. J. W. Fewkes as occurring on various species of Cryptolaria, which have been regarded by them with more or less certainty as being the gonosomes of those species. In the second part of the narrative of the cruise of the ‘ Challenger,’ p. 752, in a note on the Hydroida, Prof. Allman, however, states that on a specimen of this genus, from a depth of 2600 fathoms, ‘we have been made acquainted with its gonosome, which had not previously been detected.”” As there have been so many different views as to the structure of these parts, 1 have deemed it advisable to notify the presence of gonothecz on this specimen, in order that it may afford what confirmation may be possible to this later view of Prof. Allman.
Loc. North Atlantic. Lat. 48°33’ 52", long. 10° 33/ 14”. Brought up by the sounding-wire from a depth of 500 fathoms
(Mr, Hamilton). 18
4 Mr. J. J. Quelch on some
Family Zygophylacide.
Hydrothece continuous with, but not jointed to, a lateral process of the stem; paired nematophores or nematophore-like bodies at the base of the hydrothece, one nematophore being on each side on the lateral process.
ZYGOPHYLAX, nov. gen.
Hydrocaulus erect, branched, composed of many tubes ageregated together; branches unjointed ; hydrothece bise- rial, alternate, tubular, sessile, narrowed and constricted to- wards the base, and continuous with a slightly enlarged lateral projection of the stem. On the raised lateral edges of this process are placed two small, elongated, tubular structures, one on each side at the base of the hydrothece, which are constricted and jointed towards their base, and which do not appear to differ in any essential particular from the jointed, stalked nematophores which are characteristic of so many of the Plumulariide.
Reproduction unknown.
This genus is only known in the dry state ; and the charac- ters of its hydrophyton relate it, on the one hand, to the Lafoéide, and on the other tothe Haleciide. It differs essen- tially, however, from the forms included under those families, and notably so in the possession of the paired nematophores at the base of the hydrothecee—a character so striking and constant as to justify, in my opinion, the formation of a new family to receive it.
Prof. Allman, in his Report on the Plumulartide of the ‘Challenger’ expedition (p. 6), has given an extremely valuable note on our knowledge of the occurrence of nemato- phores or nematophore-like bodies in Hydroids other than the Plumulariide, and it is interesting to note that such bodies occur on forms allied or referable to Lafoéa and Halecium. The present form adds another to the list with much the same relation, though the certainty of its position in classification, based on the details of the structure of the complete hydro- soma, must await the confirmation derivable from fresh or well-preserved specimens.
Zygophylax profunda, n. sp. (PI. I. fig. 4.)
Stem fascicled, erect, much branched; branches very thin, springing immediately from beneath a hydrotheca, which therefore becomes placed in the axil of the branch. Hydro- thecee very small, alternately placed at regular intervals, short, tubular, and curved so as to look outwards and down- wards, with two or three annulations generally well deve-
Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa. 5
loped near the margin, the base much constricted and connected with a distinct but small process of the stem ; aperture of the -hydrotheca circular. Nematophores extremely small, elongated, being more than half the length of the hydrotheca, slightly ringed near the margin, and jointed below to a thicker basal portion which is placed on the proxi- mal side of the base of the hydrotheca.
_ The specimens of this species form small branched colonies which are about 30 or 40 millim. in height, and when dried are of an earthy brown colour. They were found growing on the cable and also attached to specimens of Diphasia pinaster. In these dried specimens the delicate nematophores are often found more or less broken away, but the remaining basal portion easily marks their original position on each side of
the base of the hydrothece.
Family Sertulariide. Diphasia pinaster. Sertularia pinaster, Ellis & Solander, Zooph. p. 55, pl. vi. figs. 6 & B. eens pinaster, Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, p. 252, pl. 50. g. 1.
Several specimens of this species were obtained. ‘They agree in nearly every particular with the characteristic form of the species, except that the female gonothece are usually tetraspinous, bearing only the single lower circle of spines, while occasionally on other gonothece on the same hydrophy- ton two very small spines of the upper circle are also present. In accordance with the position and prominence of the four larger spines, the female gonothecee have when dried a more or less quadrangular shape. ‘The spines on the female gono- thecee of this species are thus seen to vary from four to eight. The male gonothece are much smaller, and have the charac- teristic quadrangular shape, with the four angles produced into very prominent spines.
To this species I have referred, somewhat doubtfully, some other specimens obtained from the Madeira cable off Lisbon, in which the distinct fold at the point of divergence of the superior half of the hydrotheca is scarcely or not at all repre- sented. In other respects, in the characters of the hydrothece and in the habit of the hydrophyton, they are closely like the present species. They present a decided approach to the D. coronifera and the D. elegans. No gonothece are present on the specimens, and the final position of the form must remain doubtful until the nature of these structuresis observed. For the present I distinguish it as
Diphasia pinaster, var. arcuata.
6 Mr. J. J. Quelch on some
Family Plumulariide.
Several of the genera of this family are in great need of revision. The characters by means of which Plumularia, for instance, is separated from Antennularia are now become extremely vague, since the verticillate arrangement of the ramuli in the latter has had to be abandoned as a generic character. In Antennularia the ramuli may be few or many, verticillate or scattered, while in the young colonies and on the basal parts of more advanced ones the ramuli are placed singly and alternately, becoming afterwards placed in pairs, a condition that obtains in the young forms of our common Antennularia antennina. Plumularia does not thus seem to have any constant natural character by which to separate it from Antennulartia. The genera Antennopsis and Hippu- rella seem also inseparable from Plumularta and Antennu- laria. In speaking of Hippurella, I use the name as defined by Prof. Allman in his “ Report on the Hydroids of the Gulf-stream,’”’ where it is stated that the “ultimate ramuli are alternate and pinnate towards the proximal ends of the branches, but towards the distal ends surrounding the branches on all sides, and here either scattered or regularly verticillate ; each composed of alternate long and short internodes with intervening groups of very short ring-like internodes, each of the long internodes carrying a hydrotheca.”
Mr. J. W. Fewkes states (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cam- bridge, U.S.A. vol. viii. p. 184) that in a form which he has identified as Atppurella annulata, Allman, these verticil- late branches are but verticillate ribs, destitute of hydrothece, and that they bear simply a row of nematophores, being thus a special form of the phylactocarp in which the gonophores are borne between successive verticils of these ribs. Mr. Fewkes has not stated, so far as I am aware, that this is a redescription based on a reexamination of Allman’s type specimen, so that, until such information be forthcoming, in the face of the explicit statement of Prof. Allman quoted above from his description, it seems unavoidable to conclude that Mr. Fewkes has described some form which, though closely agreeing in many of its features with the Hippurella annulata, Allman, is quite distinct from it, and is truly refer- able to a new genus.
Plumularia variabilis, n. sp. (Pl. II. fig. 2.)
Hydrocaulus attaining a height of more than 60 millims., simple, slender, not fascicled, very indistinetly jointed, and
Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa. 7
springing from a tangled mass of small tubular filaments; pinne alternate, distichous, extremely thin and slender, each borne close to the distal end of an internode of the stem, where it is supported by a long process much swollen at the base ; the mode of jointing of the pinne is most variable, the proximal internode is short and destitute of hydrotheca, and is often followed by one or two short internodes before the hydro- theca-bearing internode, so that there may be one, two, or three distinct internodes between the process of the stem and the first hydrotheca-bearing internode; the hydrotheca-bear- ing internodes always long, frequently alternating with one long non-hydrothecate internode, and not unfrequently with two or three shorter ones, while, as frequently the internodes which follow one another all bear a hydrotheca ; in this latter case the internodes are extremely elongated, and instead of bearing the hydrotheca towards the centre of their length, bear them near their proximal extremity. Hydrothece very small and shallow, their width and depth scarcely exceeding the general diameter of the pinna. Nematophores extremely numerous. Besides the pair placed at the sides of the hydro- theca there is a single nematophore on the proximal part of each hydrotheca-bearing internode, and in those cases in which these internodes are much elongated and follow directly on one another, two nematophores are placed at short distances on their distal portion. On the long intervening internode two nematophores are present, and when this is replaced by two or more shorter ones, each then bears a single nemato- phore. The proximal internodes which follow the process bear a nematophore, and the internodes of the stem carry ten or more; of these, two are carried on each side of the internode in a line above the pinnez, so that there are four nematophores between successive pinne on the same side of the stem ; one is placed on each side of the proximal part of the internode between the rows of alternate pinne, while two pairs are placed on the process which carries the pinna, one at its upper and one at its lower end.
The gonothece are short, suboval or slipper-shaped, and slightly curved to one side, with an oval subterminal orifice, borne singly or in pairs on the swollen base of the processes of the stem in the axils of the pinnee.
In the dried specimens of this species a curious torsion of the stem is observable, so that instead of there being two straight rows of alternate pinne, a complete spiral is formed by these rows in about a length of 30 millim. In this state the arrangement of the pinne is singularly similar to what is found in the genus Antennopsis, Allman, which, judging by
8 My. J. J. Quelch on some
the figures given, can hardly be separated from Plumularia, since in all essential features the two genera seem to be iden- tical, with but the slight exception that the single pinna borne by each joint occasionally departs in Antennopsis from the ordinary distichous alternate arrangement. ‘This condi- tion seen in the dried state of the present species entirely disappears when the specimen is placed in water ; the torsion of the stem becomes lost and the specimen assumes the normal pinnate habit.
In many of its characters this species recalls P. antennata and P. megalocephala.
Plumularia delicatula, n. sp. (PI. I. fig. 3.)
Hydrocaulus attaining a height of more than 100 millim., simple, not fascicled, very distinctly jointed, of very variable thickness in different specimens, and often quite slender, rather wiry, arising from a mass of tubular filaments. Pinne alternate, one on each internode, very thin and delicate, attached to a rather short process of the stem, which is scarcely or not at all swollen at the base; regularly jointed with oblique joints; alternate internodes bearing hydrothece and rather elongated, being nearly twice the length of the intervening internodes, which are about four times as long as they are broad ; each internode more or less marked by slight annular constriction at their extremities, chiefly noticeable on the proximal internode of the pinna. Hydrothece rather deeper than their width, which is about twice the general diameter of the internodes. Nematophores numerous, two at the lateral margins of the hydrotheca and one at its proximal side, one on the intervening internode, one or two on the internode which is attached to the process of the stem; one on each side of the base of this process, and two placed singly along the stem on each internode in a line above the process of the internode below.
Gonothecee borne in the axils of the pinne, flask-shaped, elongated, with a short neck.
The delicate pinne in this species are often broken off in dried specimens, when but a rather wiry stem is left. Its closest ally seems to be Plumularia setacea, from which it differs in the nature of the joints, in the relative length and thickness of the imternodes, and in the disposition of the nematophores on the stem and on its processes.
Antennularia trregularis, n. sp. (Pl. I. fig. 4.)
Hycrocaulus simple, jointed, slightly thickened, attaining a
Deep-sea and Shallow-water [ydiozoa. )
height of about 15-20 centim. or more, closely crowded to form wide dense tufts, the hydrorhiza of which has the form of a rather thin spreading mass of closely crowded entangled filaments of different sizes. Ramuli extremely slender, jointed, arranged in a very variable manner; on the basal part of the hydrocaulus they are alternate, placed singly, one to each joint, but in such a manner that they do not strictly fall in the same plane; higher up the stem they are arranged in pairs, the pairs decussating ; while in the larger number of stems this condition is again lost at the upper part by the ramuli becoming placed in threes at each whorl, each three being so placed as to be vertically above or below every alter- nate three, so that a hexastichous arrangement is produced ; these upper ramuli are borne on a long process (of the stem), which is slightly swollen at the base; one or two short inter- nodes follow this process before the first hydrotheca-bearing internode, while between the hydrotheca-bearing internodes one long or two shorter internodes are placed. ‘The internodes are very slender and usually much elongated. The hydro- thece are small and shallow, slightly wider than the general diameter of the ramulus. Nematophores rather variably arranged ; one below each hydrotheca on the same internode and two above it at the lateral margins, two on the intervening long internode or one on each of the replacing shorter ones, and one on each of the short proximal internodes following the process of the stem; on this process one or two nematophores are placed singly along the inner side, and one is placed on each side of the swollen base, nearly in the axil of the ramulus ; one nematophore is placed on the stem directly above the point of origin of each ramulus.
Gonothecee borne singly in the axil of the ramuli, rather short, suboval, and curved, with an oval subterminal orifice.
If the genus HMippurella as defined by Allman could be maintained, this form would have to be referred to it; but it seems to me impossible to retain that genus, since the varying position of the ramuli on which it is founded is a common characteristic of Antennularia, as shown by their earlier stages. In the common British species, A. antennina, the ramuli are at first arranged alternately, as in Plumularia, then in pairs, before attaining their verticillate condition (Hincks, Brit. Hydroid Zoophytes, vol. i. p. 281).
The species, in the general arrangement of its ramuli at different parts of its hydrocaulus, recalls the species A. hexu- sticha, A. Johnstoni, A. decussata, and A. Janini; but in essential characters 1t cannot be confounded with either of them.
10 Mr. J. J. Quelch on some
Aniennularia profunda, n. sp. (PI. II. fig. 5.)
Hydrocaulus fascicled at the base and springing from a tangled mass of fine fibres, branched, erect, indistinctly or rarely jointed below, more numerously so above, attaining a height of more than 15 centim., and in the specimen obtained remaining unbranched with subopposite pimnate ramuli for nearly its whole height. At its upper end the ramuli lose their pinnate arrangement and become irregularly placed, forming four or six rows, two or three ramuli being often placed at the same level and alternating with those above and below them, but not closely crowded; where this subverticillate arrange- ment of the ramuli takes place, young branches on which the ramuli have the same subverticillate arrangement begin to develop. Ramuli thin and long, attached to a long process of the stem, which is swollen below, jointed, each internode bearing a hydrotheca, and having a length between three and four times its diameter. Hydrotheca small and shallow, its width being about equal to the diameter of the internode. Nematophores very numerous, four on each internode of the ramulus, one at its distal and one at its proximal part, and two at the lateral margins of the hydrotheca, two pairs on each of the lateral processes of the stems in the proximal portions of the colony, and three pairs on those in the upper portions, two on the proximal and three on the distal parts of the stem above the point of insertion of each ramulus, while lines of nematophores are found running up the stem between the rows of the ramuli. In the axil of each ramulus is a slight swelling with a small pore, apparently a base for the attachment of gonothecez. Gonothece unknown.
This species is close to A. ramosa, from which it differs chiefly in its general habit, in the arrangement of the ramuli, in the relative length and thickness of the internodes of the stem and ramuli, and in the disposition of the nemato- phores on the stem. It differs markedly in essential charac- ters from A. tetrasticha, which it much resembles in general habit. It is close to A. norwegica, but is easily distin- guished by its branched hydrocaulus, its more verticillate ramuli, by the relatively short and thick smooth internodes, and the number and disposition of the nematophores throughout.
Aglaophenia acacia.
Aglaophenia acacia, Allman, Challenger’ Hydroida, pt.i. p. 38, pl. xii. figs. 1-4.
Numerous specimens were obtained which differ in unim-
Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa. 11
portant points from the ‘ Challenger’ type specimens. They consist of simple unbranched stems, the larger of which are about 70 millim. in height, and they are thus destitute of the characteristic habit which marks the old specimens of the species. ‘The type specimen figured in the report on the ‘Challenger’ Plumulariide was full-grown and evidently an old specimen, while the present specimens are but young forms. With the exception of this difference of habit, due to age, and of a slight difference in the corbula, the forms agree in every essential respect. The difference in the corbule presents itself in their variable length. Sometimes the cor- bula is composed of a few pairs of leaflets, especially in those at the distal parts of the colony, where there are usually about six or seven pairs, while again there may be present a large number of pairs, ten or more, which are chiefly placed on the proximal parts. The shape of the corbula conse- quently varies considerably, from a rounded oval to a narrow cylindrical form, the one passing insensibly into the other.
Tn essential characters this species seems to be extremely close to A. tubulifera, A. calamus, and A. rigida.
Streptocaulus pulcherrimus. (Pl. I. fig. 5.)
Streptocaulus pulcherrimus, Allman, ‘Challenger’ Hydroida, pt. i. p: 48, pl. xvi. figs. 1-3,
Of this beautiful and extremely interesting form five colonies were obtained, one of which attains a height of about 30 centim. They are especially interesting since they supply the characters of the gonosome which were wanting in the ‘Challenger’ specimens, while at the same time the origin of the spiral arrangement of the hydrocladia from the pinnate form is clearly seen at the proximal parts of the colonies. In some of the colonies the hydrocladia are absent from the basal part for a distance of about 5-8 centim., while in others they are continued nearly to the extreme base. These basal hydrocladia are confined to one side of the stem and are alternately arranged on each side of a line of more or less rounded adnate nematophores, and spread in opposite direc- tions, thus having a strictly pinnate disposition. Above this basal part the planes of the hydrocladia gradually become closer, until the hydrocladia become placed in one and the same plane intermediate between their former positions, and are attached not on each side, but in the direct line of the nematophores of the stem. The torsion of the stem now gives the spiral arrangement which is so distinctive of this form. In the dried state this spiral arrangement is scarcely
12 Mr. J. J. Quelch on some
or not at all perceptible; but on placing the specimen in water it assumes its normal habit.
The gonosome consists of gonothece, which are borne neither directly by the hydrocladia nor by modified protective branches, but are seated directly on jointed appendages of the hydrocladia, one gonotheca to each joint. ‘These appen- dages are placed laterally at the upper basal part of the mesial nematophore, immediately below the base of the hydrotheca, and are always situated on the left side—left, that is, to one standing in the hydrotheca, so to speak, and looking towards its pointed margin. ‘They are unbranched and jointed, and are placed either on consecutive mesial nematophores or irregularly. The joints are similar throughout, generally three or four in number to each appendage, narrowed at the base and expanded at the top, so as to be obconical or sub- triangular ; the expanded upper lateral edges chiefly formed by two rather short nematophores, one at each edge, between which is placed the narrow base of the joint above, while below this point of juncture and on the front of the joint (that. is on that part which looks towards the hydrotheca below which the appendage is situated) is seated the gonotheca, which thus occupies the upper anterior portion of the joint. The remaining anterior portion of the joint is evenly divided by two transverse constrictions.
The gonothece are sessile and elongato-pyriform, with a suboval subterminal orifice; they are placed one on each joint of the appendage, and, where broken away, leave their base of attachment exposed to view.
From the structure of the parts thus described it will be seen that the genus Streptocaulus calls to mind the peculiar condition found in Cladocarpus, in which the ramuli bearing gonothecee are not strictly modified hydrocladia, but appen- dages of the hydrocladia, with this essential distinction, however, as it seems to me, that while in Cladocarpus these structures may possibly be imagined as being more or less protective, and thus as peculiar forms of the phylactocarp according to the definition of Prof. Allman, yet in Strepto- caulus they can in no sense be considered as protective, but seem rather to be a repetition on a more complete scale of the structures found in such a genus as Schizotricha.
In Schizotricha the gonothece are not strictly borne by the hydrocladia, but on a basal portion which seems strictly homologous with the reproductive ramuli of Cladocarpus. A multiplication of such parts as the basal segments of Schzzo- tricha, giving a jointed ramulus, in which each joint bears
Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa. 13
lateral nematophores and a gonotheca, is the exact condition found in Streptocaulus; while in Cladocarpus this condition is carried a step further, in that the ramuli become branched, with few or many joints, some of which only bear gonothece.
Schizotricha has been referred by Prof. Allman to the section Gymnocarpa of the Eleutheroplea, and Cladocarpus to the section Phylactocarpa of the Statoplea; and, judging on the point of function as to whether the reproductive appen- dages of the hydrocladia on which the gonothece are placed are or are not protective, the genus Stéreptocaulus must be removed from the Phylactocarpal Statoplea, among which it was temporarily placed, to the section Gymnocarpa. On the other hand, since the reproductive appendages and segments which bear the gonothecx seem in the three cases to be strictly homologous, and thus but rudimentary or varying forms of the phylactocarp, it seems necessary, if the terms Gymnocarpa and Phylactocarpa are to be retained with any definite meaning, that all three genera should be placed among the phylactocarpal forms.
Order HY DROCORALLINE &. Family Stylasteride.
In the following descriptions of new species of the genus Distichopora detailed mention is made of the characters of the surface of the ccenosteum, of the form and mode of arrange- ment of the pore-rows, of the relative size, shape, and position - of the gastropores and dactylopores, and of the nature of the ampulle. Short descriptions, with special reference to these characters, are also given of those previously-described species which agree with them more or less closely in general form and coloration, in order to point out the more marked differ- ences which are presented by those species. The characters of the ampullee call for special notice in the diagnosis of the species, since well-marked differences in the structure of these parts obtain in different species of the genus. Such certainly may be aftirmed after a very careful examination of a large number of stocks in which the ampullee present the appearance of raised more or less vesicular swellings on the ccenosteum. For the figures given of the cyclosystems parts have been selected at some distance from the extreme apical points, since at such points the dactylopores become markedly tubular and prominent in all or nearly all species of Distichopora.
14 Mr. J. J. Quelch on some
Distichopora granulosa, n. sp. (Pl. I. fig. 1.)
Coenosteum branched, regularly flabelliform, somewhat incrusting at base, of a rich scarlet-red colour on the distal portion of the main branches and throughout the branchlets even to the tips, except where fracture has taken place at the extremities, the small commencing growth at such points being very pale reddish; on the basal part of the main branches and on the incrusting portion the colour becomes of a pink-red. Branches short and thick for the size of colony, being about 7-12 millim. thick at the base of branches that are about 30 millim. in length, and diminishing gradually in size to about 2 millim. diameter at the tips, compressed at the base, round above; branchlets short, round, obtuse, rather thickened at the base and about 2 millim. thick at the apex, which is often slightly expanded where division is taking place. Coenenchyma dense, the surface conspicuously roughened and granulated either by crowded bluntly conical eminences, between which are placed small scattered pores, or by sinuous irregularly confluent or reticulated ridges, which are more usually found towards the distal parts of the coenosteum.
Cyclosystems regularly arranged on opposite sides in distinct, deep, continuous lateral furrows, the width between the outer edges of the dactylopores being about °75 millim. Gastropores rather small, circular or slightly elongated trans- versely, slightly unequal and unequally separated, the partition between them often equal to their diameter, and not rising above the bottom of the furrow; style deep, very thin, and obsoletely hirsute ; in section the gastro-canal is seen to be nearly smooth. Dactylopores large in comparison with the gastropores, being about one third to one fifth the size of the larger gastropores, placed on the margin of the furrow, at distances apart generally exceeding their width, elongated transversely, with their outer and lateral margins much elevated above the surrounding surface, so as to present in profile a series of distinct tubular or spout-shaped eminences ; the inner margin is generally wanting, so that the dactylopores open on that side into the gastropore furrow. Ampulle abundant, scattered irregularly or closely grouped, forming rounded eminences about 75 millim. in diameter, marked on the upper surface by the small sinuous irregular ridges which are characteristic of the coenosteum, between which are several small scattered irregular pored openings, which communicate with a single cavity within; the walls of the ampulle become very thin with age, and finally break away.
Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa. 15
Locality. Raratonga?’ B.M.
Two specimens of this handsome species were presented to the national collection by Prof. Flower.
A marked feature of this species is the strikingly rich coloration, which is continued even to the tips of the coenos- teum, except where fresh growth, consequent on fracture, has commenced. This character, with the special structure of its coenenchyma and of its cyclosystems, will readily serve to distinguish it from all other species. Special. attention must be called to the decided resemblance which obtains between the forms of the dactylopores in this species and in those of the genus Errina.
Distichopora conferta, nu. sp. (PI. I. fig. 3.)
Coenosteum forming an intricately and crowdedly branched fastigiate clump, in which the branchlets on the separate branches are arranged in a more or less flabellate manner ; of a delicate carmine-red colour, with whitish tips. Branches much divided, short, very slender and round, slightly com- pressed at the extreme base, and very seldom coalescent ; branchlets very small, round, obtuse, about 1°5 millim. thick at the apex, which is slightly expanded where division is taking place. Ccoenenchyma dense, the surface strongly granulated, marked throughout by small, crowded, conical eminences, between which are minute scattered pores. Cyclosystems regularly arranged on opposite sides in conti- nuous rows, seldom forming furrows, except at the extreme apical points, since the partitions between the gastropores are usually level with the general surface. Gastropores rather large, seldom circular, more often slightly elongated in the direction of the rows, usually with a very irregular outline and rather prominent septa-like internal projections, as though in process of division, unequal and unequally separated, except at the apical parts, where the partitions are very narrow; style very deeply placed, thin and finely hirsute ; in section the gastro-canal is found to be papillose. Dactylopores quite minute, irregular, unequally placed, elongated slightly in a transverse direction, nearly even with the surface, except at the extremities, where they are rather elevated and tubular. Ampulle (apparently female) abun- dant, scattered or grouped, forming rounded eminences nearly 1 millim. in diameter, marked by straight radial ridges, generally from 5 to 8, which pass from the centre of the ampulla to the outer border, where a circle of rather large
16 Mr. J. J. Quelch on some
pored openings, closed by thin membranous tissue and placed between the ridges, leads into the single central cavity of the ampulla.
- Locality. Raratonga. B.M.
Two specimens of this beautiful form were presented to the national collection by Prof. Flower. I have been enabled to describe this species through the courtesy of Prof. Charles Stewart, who first remarked its specific di- stinctness.
A very fine specimen in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons agrees most closely, except in the characters of its ampulle, with this species. ‘These ampulle are raised and confluent, the individual ampulla being undistinguishable in the mass. Their surface is covered by the conical markings characteristic of the coenosteum, and is irregularly and rather sparsely pored with minute openings. This form of the ampulle is constant throughout the stock, while that described for the species is constant on the two stocks in the British Museum. I am strongly inclined to think that these confluent ampullate swellings are the forms characteristic of the later stages of the ampulle of the male stocks, which in the earlier stages are sunk beneath the surface of the ccenos- teum. This seems to me borne out by the fact that ina large series of specimens of D. violacea in the national col- lection the two forms of the ampulle are present—the one with the stelliform much swollen eminences, which, though grouped together, are distinct from each other, and are bounded by an outer circle of pored openings; the other with smaller swellings, in which separate ampulle are seldom distinguish- able, and having scattered minute pores over the surface.
This species, though close to D. granulosa, differs from it in many particulars, of which the crowded corymbed mode of growth, the coloration, the smaller and more slender habit, the nature of the surface, the arrangement of its cyclosystems, and the size, position, and form of its dactylopores and gastropores may be cited.
Distichopora Miles, Quelch.
D. Milesti may be separated from both of the foregoing species by its very slender regularly flabellate coenosteum ; by the minutely granulated or smooth surface, which is rendered rough and uneven only by the wregular and abundantly developed ampulle ; by its dull lake-red or almost crimson colour; by the very distinct, wide, deep, continuous lateral
Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa. 17
furrows, about 1 millim. in diameter from the extreme outer edges of the dactylopores; by the very large gastropores slightly elongated in the direction of the furrow; by the very small dactylopores which are placed on the distinctly raised ridge of the furrow but above which the separate dactylo- pores are but slightly prominent except at the apical parts ; by the papillose gastro-canal ; and by the smooth outer surface of the massed ampullz which are neither roughened by ridges nor lined by regularly-arranged pored openings.
Distichopora coccinea, Gray.
D. coccinea may be distinguished by its flabellate coenos- teum with much compressed branches and branchlets, crowded on their faces with numerous short often tuberculate young branchlets, which at first are perpendicular to the general plane of the ccenosteum; by its dull crimson-red colour ; by its smooth surface; by the small and shallow but distinct lateral furrow; by the small gastropores which lead into a smooth canal and are separated by rather wide parti- tions; by the very minute dactylopores which are not raised above the general surface and which are separated by distances generally greater than their own diameter; and by the di- stinctly raised ampulle which are smooth on their upper surface and are surrounded at their base by a circle of com- paratively large pored openings which lead to the central cavity and which are separated by septiform partitions passing to neighbouring ampulle or to the surrounding ccenenchyma.
Distichopora rosea, Kent.
D. rosea is distinguished by its irregularly flabellate coenos- teum with rounded, thick, obtuse branches and branchlets ; by its smooth surface which becomes slightly granulated with obtuse conical eminences towards the apical parts; by its deep peach-blossom red colour ; by its extremely wide, deep, distinct lateral furrows which are interrupted at the angle of branching ; by its comparatively small unequal gastropores, unequally and often widely separated; by the obsoletely papillose gastro-canal; by the extremely large dactylopores (easily distinguishable by the naked eye), the imner margin tailing, so that the pore opens into the furrow while the outer and lateral margins are much elevated and thickened; and by the ampulle, which are undistinguishably massed together in large raised groups with minute pored openings scattered over the irregularly granulated upper surface.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xvi. 2
18 Mr. J. J. Quelch on some
Distichopora brevisertalis, Quelch.
D. brevisertalis is distinguished by its irregularly flabellate coenosteum, with short, thick, obtuse branches and branchlets, the branches being much compressed at the base, rounded above, and often coalescent; by its pale aurora-red or deep flesh-red colour; by its granulated surface, the small conical granules being much enlarged and more prominent at the distal parts; by the obliteration of the pore-rows, except at the apical parts of the branches and branchlets and at the parts of the ccenosteum where fresh branchlets originate ; by the rather small unequal gastropores, which are placed in an irregular line at the bottom of a shallow furrow at the apical parts, and which gradually diminish and disappear by over- growth; by the nearly smooth gastro-canal; by the small dactylopores, which are placed on the edges of the shallow furrow at the extremities, but which become gradually even with the surface, and finally are obliterated; and by the ampullee, which are often grouped together, and consist of a raised central portion which is marked on its upper surface with small, more or less radial, rather sharp ridges, and is surrounded by a circle of comparatively large pored openings, which are separated by thick septiform partitions with which the ridges are continuous, passing to neighbouring ampulle or to the surrounding ccenenchyma; in the later stages of these ampulle, when the central portions break away, the group presents the appearance of a rough mass with irregular pores, in which the single central cavities of the ampulle are hardly distinguishable from the surrounding openings which lead to them.
Distichopora gracilis, Dana.
D. gracilis is distinguished by its regularly flabellate and extremely slender habit ; by its fainter or reddish coloration ; and by its compressed branches ; but a more complete descrip- tion of the type specimen of this little-known species is re- quired, since little or nothing is known as to the nature of its coenenchyma, its surface, its cyclosystems, and its ampullee.
Distichopora nitida, Verrill.
D. nitida is distinguished by its large regularly flabelliform habit; by its rounded branches, somewhat compressed at the base ; by its rounded obtuse branchlets, expanded at the tips during division ; by its extremely variable coloration, ranging
Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa. 19
from bright red to light orange; by its minutely granular surface, becoming almost smooth at the basal parts; by its obsolete or very shallow lateral furrows, the partitions between the gastropores being generally raised to the surrounding surface; by the unequal large gastropores; by the minute superficial dactylopores ; and by the scattered or grouped raised granulated ampulle, in which the pores communicating with the central cavity are arranged in a circle around the base, the septiform partitions between them passing off to the sur- rounding coenenchyma or to neighbouring ampulle.
Distichopora ochracea, n. sp. (FI. I. fig. 2.)
Coenosteum branching in a plane, of a dull ochre-yellow colour, sometimes becoming white at the tips; branches thick, rounded, or slightly flattened; branchlets short and rather thick, rounded, obtuse, expanded at the tips before division takes place. Coenenchyma rather firm; surface minutely granular at the basal parts of the branchlets, becoming more granulated at the extremities, with crowded, very obtusely conical eminences, between which are scattered pores. Cyclosystems regularly arranged in continuous, wide, shallow lateral furrows. Gastropores irregularly placed, unequal, but generally very large, circular or elongated trans- versely, separated by very narrow partitions, which are often raised to the general surface; gastro-canal very crowdedly papillose; style very deeply placed, slender, and finely hirsute. Dactylopores very unequal, some rather large, others very minute, elongated transversely, the outer and lateral margins scarcely or not at all raised, except at the extremities of the branchlets, where the inner margin is continuous with the rounded edge of the furrow, along which the dactylopores are closely placed. Ampulle scattered or grouped, consisting of rounded eminences with slightly developed subradial ridges on the central portion, surrounded at the base by a circle of pored openings which communicate with the single central cavity and which are separated by septiform partitions passing off to neighbouring ampulle or to the surrounding ccenen- chyma.
Locality. Solomon Islands, 14 fath. B.M.
This species is founded on a small piece of a coenosteum which was dredged by H. B. Guppy, Hsq., M.B., R.N., Sur- geon to H.M.S. ‘ Lark,’ and by him presented to the national collection. It is very distinct from all known species of the genus, being most closely related to the D. nitida, Verrill.
DQ
20 Dr. R. v. Lendenfeld on Australian Sponges.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate I.
Fig. 1. Distichopora granulosa, natural size, showing ampullee.
Fig. 1a. Ditto: pore-rows, magnified.
Fig. 16. Ditto: dactylopores, with ridges of the surface, seen laterally, magnified.
Fig. 1c. Ditto: ampulla, magnified.
Fig. 2. Distichopora ochracea, natural size, showing ampullee.
Fig. 2a. Ditto: pore-rows, magnified.
Fig. 2b. Ditto: ampulla, magnified.
Fig.2c. Ditto: gastro-canal in section, magnified.
Fig. 3. Distichopora conferta, natural size, showing ampullee.
Fig. 8a. Ditto: pore-rows and part of surface, magnified.
Fig. 3b. Ditto: ampulla, magnified.
Fig. 4. Zygophylax profunda: portion of hydrophyton, natural size.
Fig. 4a. Ditto: branch, magnified.
Fig. 46. Ditto: hydrotheca and nematophore of one side, magnified.
Fig. 4c. Ditto: part of fascicled stem, magnified.
Fig. 5. Streptocaulus pulcherrimus : proximal part of stem, magnified.
Fig. 5a. Ditto: reproductive appendage with gonothecz, magnified,
Fig. 5b. Ditto: gonotheca, magnified.
Prats II.
Fig.1. Cryptolaria conferta: part of stem with gonotheca, magnified.
Fig. 2. Plumularia variabilis: part of stem with pinna and gonotheca, magnified. ;
Fig. 2a. Ditto: part of another pinna, magnified.
1g. 8. Plumularia delicatula: portion of stem with gonotheca and pinne,
magnified.
Fig. 4. eae wrregularis: stem, showing arrangement of ramuli.
Fig.4a. Ditto: part of stem with ramuli, magnified.
Fig. 4b. Ditto: gonotheca, magnified.
Fig. 5. Antennularia profunda: stem, showing arrangement of branches and ramuli.
Fig. 5a. Ditto: portion of stem, proximal part, magnified.
Fig. 5b. Ditto: portion of stem, distal part, magnified.
Fig. 5c. Ditto: portion of ramulus, magnified.
II.—WNotes to the Australian Sponges recently described by Carter*, By Dr. R. v. LENDENFELD, in Sydney.
As I am just now engaged in writing a Monograph of the Australian Sponges I was particularly glad to receive the
* H. J. Carter, “ Description of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 196.
Dr. R. v. Lendenfeld on Australian Sponges. 21
publications on the subject by Carter, through the courtesy of the author.
There are, in the part concerning the Ceraospongie and Myxospongie, no figures, and the diagnoses are so short that it is, in by far the greater number of species, impossible for me to identify them with those in my collection, or to ascer- tain those characteristics which I consider as the most im- portant.
There are a few, however, which, in consequence of some accessory peculiarity or other, I have been able to recognize. My collection of several thousand specimens of Australian Sponges is by far the finest as yet brought together from any one locality, and I think that not only Carter, but also all other scientists who are working at the Sponges, will be interested in the result of a comparison between Carter’s diagnoses and the specimens in my collection.
Halisarca australiensis* is not a sponge at all, but the crusts described by Carter under the above name are the ova of Boltenias surrounded by their folliculi. 1 myself believed that the slimy coatings in question were perhaps sponges, and I examined them accordingly. ‘The results of this exami- nation are laid down in a paper published by me last yearf.
The Boltenia is probably Boltenia australis. The name Boltenia australiensis given by Carter{ is not warranted.
Chondrilla uncula, O. §., is mentioned as occurring in Port Phillip§. I have not found any, specimens of this sponge on any part of the Australian coast. I have, however, described a species of Chondrilla as C. secunda, n. sp., from Port Phillip, m a paper read some time ago before the Lin- nean Society of N.S. W.||, which is somewhat different from CO. uncula, O. S., in the shape of its spicules and parti- cularly the configuration of the canal-system, but which out- wardly appears very similar to the Adriatic species, of which I brought aspecimen with me. I thinkit very probable that Carter’s specimen is to be referred to my Chondrilla secunda, a sponge very abundant in Port Phillip.
* H. J. Carter, ‘‘ Description of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5,
vol. xv. p. 197. ; ; ; ak + R. v. Lendenfeld, “ On the Slimy Coatings of certain Boltenias in
Port Jackson,” Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. vol. ix. p. 498. { H. J. Carter, /. c. p. 197.
§ H. J. Carter, J. c. p. 200. R. v. Lendenfeld, ‘“‘ A Monograph of the Australian Sponges,” Ab-
stracts of Proc. Linn. Soe. for January 1885,
22 Dr. R. v. Lendenfeld on Australian Sponges.
Luffaria digitata* is very meagrely described, but I think it highly probable that it is identical with a sponge described eighteen years ago by Selenkat as Spongilia cactos, and which has been investigated by F. E. Schulze} and myself§. Carter has, apparently, not seen my paper on Sponges of Port Phillip, otherwise I think that my description of this sponge would have been sufticient for identification. I have named it Dendrilla rosea, which name, having priority, ought to replace the name Luffaria digitata given by Carter ||. The most important feature of the sponge is its peculiar subdermal cavity. Carter does not mention this; but as he does not say anything about the canal-system at all, it is probable that he never examined any section-series.
Darwinella australiensis{ is represented in my collection, but the canal-system is not described by Carter, so that it is difficult to identify the species.
With Aplysina levis** of Carter, seven distinct species in my collection might be identified. These are very different from one another, but all coincide with Carter’s diagnosis of the above species. They are forms which lead to the Dysideidze of Marshall}, of which Carter’s Pseudoceratina durissima tt} may be a true representative.
The diagnosis given by Carter of Aplysina purpurea§§ led me to believe that it might be identical with a sponge exa- mined by me and named Aplysilla violacea||||; but now it
* H. J. Carter, “Description of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,’ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 201.
+ E. Selenka, “ Ueber neue Schwimme aus der Stid-See,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xvii. Seite 566, Tafel xxxy. fig. 5.
t F. E. Schulze, “ Untersuchungen tiber den Bau und die Entwicke- lung der Spongien,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxx. Seite 379.
§ R. v. Lendenfeld, “ Ueber Ccelenteraten der Sud-See.—II. Neue Aplysinide,” Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxviii. Seite 271 ff.
|| H. J. Carter, 7. ¢. p. 201.
q H. J. Carter, 7. c. p. 208.
** H, J. Carter, /. c. p. 204.
++ William Marshall, ‘‘Ueber Dysididen und Phoriospongien,” Zeit- schrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxv. Seite 92.
ty H. J. Carter, 7. ¢. p. 204.
§§ H. J. Carter, “ Contributions to our Knowledge of the Spongida.— Order II, Ceratina,” Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser, 5, vol. vil. pp. 103- 105.
\||| R. v. Lendenfeld, 7. c. Seite 257 ff.
Dr. R. v. Lendenfeld on Australian Sponges. 23
seems that this is not the case, as Carter considers the Austra- lian specimen of that sponge to be identical with his Pseudo- ceratina durissima *.
Carter's new genus Holopsamma T is identical with Mar- shall’s genus Psammopemma }, established five years ago, and the latter name must be accepted accordingly as having priority.
The species described as H. crassa§ and A. levis || cannot be distinguished. I possess in my collection numerous tran- sition forms between them, and all these ought to be com- bined under the name given to them previously by Marshall{, viz. Psammopemma densum. I think, however, that I shall be able to distinguish a few species, as the canal-system is’ not the same in all the specimens I have examined. It is, however, a matter of quite unusual difficulty to make good series of sections through these arenaceous sponges.
Holopsamma laminefavosa** may be identical with Mar- shall’s genus Psammodema Tf.
Both Holopsamma fuliginosatt and H. turbo §§ are unrecog- nizable.
The establishment of a new genus Sarcocornea |||| for a dry Dysidea is not justified. In the diagnosis there is nothing by which the only species could be distinguished. from Dysidea.
Dysidea fragilis, Johnston {], and Dysidea Kirkit, Bower- bank***, are mentioned. I only possess the latter in my col- lection. Chaliniform species are very abundant, and I possess long series of continuous transition-forms. [ ee this shape to be a mimicry of the true Chalinide, which, consequence of their axial spicules, would not be very diss tible food.
I cannot say anything about the species described as
Dysidea hircineformist tt and chaliniformis ttf. The descrip-
*H. J. Carter, “ Description of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 200.
abt Ie Garter, tec. alll:
¢ William Marshall, ‘“‘ Ueber Dysididen und Phoriospongien,” Zeit- schrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxv. Seite 113.
Sp Hy). Canter, @. cp. 211" ll Hi. J. Carter, 7. c. p. 212.
Il 44) H. J. Carter, Zc. p. 215. 3 ti H. J. Carter, f. c. p 217. foto ete
q W. Marshall, Zc. Seite 113. * H. J. Carter, J. ¢. p. 212. ++ W. Marshall, 7. c. Seite 109. tt H. J. Carter, 7. c. p. 213. §§ H. J. Carter, /. ¢. p, 213. ||| H. J.C Carter, i.e. p. 214. tcael Dae |p Carter, lc. p. 216.
J.
Carter, l. ¢. von ALI
24 Dr. R. v. Lendenfeld on Australian Sponges.
tions are so short that it is simply impossible to make any use of them.
I consider the genus Dystdea as characterized by the following points :-—
1. Transparent hyolin. Mesoderm without foreign bodies in the ground-substance.
2. The canal-system and ciliated chambers of Spongelia as described by Schulze *.
3. Foreign bodies forming all the fibres.
It cannot of course be decided by the description whether Carter’s specimens belong to the genus Dysidea in this sense or not.
The sponge deseribed by Carter as Spongelia stellidermatat is probably identical with some specimens in my collection, which, however, do not belong to the genus Spungelia, but to another familyt, that of the Spongide. I have named this sponge Cacospongia gracilis §; but it may appear neces- sary to establish a new genus for it. At all events it does not belong to the genus Spongelia, Schulze, who was the first to establish a diagnosis on a really reliable and scientific basis ||.
Carteriospongia caliciformis{] is described from a dry speci- men, so that no opinion can be hazarded on its real position in the system.
As the configuration of the canal-system is not described and the microscopic structure of the soft parts generally hardly referred to, and as these are considered all important by me, it is only natural that I should not be able to utilize Carter’s essay. Justas it was necessary that O. Schmidt should com-
* F. E. Schulze, “Untersuchungen uber den Bau und die Entwick- lung der Spongien: Die Gattung Spongelia,” Zeitschrift fiir wissen- schaftliche Zoologie, Band xxxii. Seite 117 ff.
+ H. J. Carter, “Description of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xv. p. 219.
t J. Vosmaer, “ Studies on Sponges.—I.” Mittheilungen der zoologi- schen Station in Neapel, Band iv. Seite 445. Vosmaevr’s classification is identical with mine, which I arrived at independently, and which is therefore very likely to be correct.
§ In 1883 I identified the sponges from several museums, and I sup-
lied several with names, the diagnoses of which remained in schedule, The sponges referred to can be seen in the museum of the South Aus- tralian Institute at Adelaide.
|| F. E. Schulze, /. ¢.
4, H. J. Carter, 7. ¢. p. 221.
On the Teredo utriculus of Gmelin. 25
pare Bowerbank’s species with his own, I find it advantageous to review Carter’s essay from my point of view, so that in the future any one may be enabled to make use of it.
For any one who holds views similar to those of Polejaeft, Vosmaer, and myself, this review will be most welcome, as I, in possession of extensive collections and working the subject on the spot, am best able to judge.
I11.—On the Teredo utriculus of Gmelin, with Remarks
upon other Ship-worms, By Sytvanus Hanzey, F.L.S. Ke.
Untiu lately this ancient species, founded upon a well-exe- euted drawing in Kammerer (Conch. Cab. Rudolst. t. i.), was omitted, or neglected, in our lists of sea-shells. Of late it has been cited as asynonym of the 7. norvagicus of Spengler, a conclusion which my recent exanunation of a most magni- ficent group acquired by me at Cannes from the wreck of a submerged Italian ship does not confirm. It may, indeed, be a variety, yet with differences in tube, valves, and pallets so perceptible that the untrained eye (I mean as to shells) of a portrait-painter immediately indicated them. I may remark that the Histulana corniformis of Lamarck (as picto- rially defined by a reference to Favanne) seems identical ; the tube, at least, is closed at the broader end by a dome- shaped covering (as in the genus Septaria, =Kuphus), which with the bar-like stricture at the narrower extremity are the principal features exhibited in Kiammerer’s plate. The pallets are more leaf-like and with shorter stalks than in nor- vagicus, the tube (besides its dome, which some say is present, although I have not myself found it) in all adult members of the genus is more fragile, and the thin valves easily distinguishable by their outline, the fang or central portion being broader and much shorter in proportion than in the solid dark-skinned northern shell to which it has been affiliated. The most striking character, however, is the large space occupied by the finely sculptured triangular area, which descends far down the broad fang.
The species (or variety, if you will) is a southern form ; but I obtained many young specimens (valves only) from Guernsey, an outlying province of the Mediterranean fauna,
26 Mr. Sylvanus Hanley on the
which I cannot distinguish. The more prominent features seem the peculiar thinness of the valves, whose swollen triangular area is so large as to occupy one half the entire length (hence the fang seems peculiarly short).
During the last twenty years four principal monographic lists of the Teredines have been published by Jeffreys, Fischer, Tryon, and Sowerby. The last, the only one which has been illustrated, and consequently the only one which will enable the mass of collectors to determine their specimens, is by Sowerby in his hurried conclusion of Reeve’s ‘ Conchologia Iconica.’ Unfortunately he has neglected the many new species (subericola, excavata, bipartita, spatha*, fusticulus) described by Mr. Jeffreys in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for 1860; these, although elaborately de- scribed, are unknown to me (for want of figures or, perhaps, of examples), as well as to most conchologists ; hence illus- trations of them would have been generally acceptable.
As my long study of this genus and the possession of a remarkably fine collection of Teredines have enabled me to correct certain errors in the ‘ Iconica,’ and to suggest addi- tional statements, I venture to critically annotate many of the species indicated. In order to obtain absolute certainty as to what the draftsman actually intended, I have carefully looked for the examples declared to have been drawn from specimens in the British Museum, where, although aided by the Curator, I have often failed to discover them.
The sequence here followed is that adopted in the text which accompanies the four and only plates.
T. navalis.—The reference to Sellius, who expressly men- tions that he uses the term ‘‘ Teredo marina’”’ { generically, should be pl. ii. figs. 2, 3,6; to Spengler, Skriv. Nat. Selskab. vol. i. pt: 1, p. 103, pl. ii. fig. C.
T. norvagica.—The reference to Spengler’s monograph should be pl. ii. figs. 4, 5, 6; to Z. nigra, Blainville, Diction. Sc. Nat. vol. li. p. 267, as in ‘Quarterly Review,’ pl. 1. fig. 20,a,b. TZ. naviwm of Sellius had better have been omitted, for although that author classed all the ship-worms known to him as Zeredomarina (a compound generic name), he has copied (?) a bud-shaped pallet, which he regarded as
* Pallets in British Museum, ¢este Jeffreys.
+ Teredo means a borer; the adjective marina is used to distinguish the salt-water worm from Zeredo vestiwm, the larva of the clothes moth. Hence it is logically absurd to claim precedence for it.
Species of Teredo. 27
the T. navium of Vallisnieri; judging from the figure that pallet has a shorter stalk and is more tapering at the broader end than is customary in this species.
T. bipennata.—This is not the shell delineated in Turton’s ‘Conchological Dictionary’ (figs. 28, 40). The valves look like those of the erroneous navalis of Spengler (Skriv. Nat. Selskab. vol. ii. pt. 1, pl. u.), the pallets of which (perhaps they are worn) seem unlike any of those figured in the “Tconica,’ and remind one of the original drawing of the lost palmulata. The two pallets delineated in the ‘ Iconica’ surely belong to two different species, the short-stalked one possibly to Gray’s carinata. 1 could not find them in the British Museum, as stated in the text. Mr. Edgar Smith assures me that he can find no shell there under this name which agrees with fig. 3, a, or any two dissimilar pallets like those represented by fig. 3, 0.
T. Stutchburii.— The truncated pallet seems broken, yet is not so really. As Blainville (Dict. Sci. Nat. vol. xxxii: p- 268) professedly described this shell from a manuscript species of Leach’s, which formed part of our national collec- tion, it may reasonably be supposed that the identification is correct ; yet Blainville asserts that the pallet tapers* rapidly from the first joint to the last, which is not the case in the specimen marked as Leach’s type, nor in the figure supposed to represent it.
T. carinata.—This shell was no manuscript species as sup- posed. The name was published by Gray as that of a new species, and by Blainville, as of Leach’s manuscript, almost contemporaneously. Gray’s monograph appeared in Taylor’s ‘ Philosophical Magazine’ for December 1827 (p. 411, copied in Hanley’s ‘ Recent Bivalves,’ p. 4); the volume (lii.) of the ‘ Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles’ bears date 1828 ; both authors described from an example in the British Museum, presumably the same as that roughly delineated by Sowerby, who unfortunately represents for it the Teredo previously published (1819) by Turton as 7. bipennata (Conch. Diction. p- 184, figs. 38, 39, 40). But Gray indicates that the base (or stalk) of the pinnately articulated pallet is short, whereas it is represented by both Turton and Sowerby as decidedly long ; evidently, then, the carinata of Sowerby is not that of
* The drawing is scarcely to be termed a likeness.
28 Mr. Sylvanus Hanley on the
Gray, who subsequently referred the forgotten 7. pennatifera of Blainville (doc. cit. p. 269) to Turton’s species. The British Museum does not possess the beautiful pallet ascribed to it in the text of the ‘ Iconica.’
*T. megathorax, Gould.—In what work? Can the name be a mistake or a misprint for 7. thoracites of Gould’s ‘ Otia’ (from Proc. Bost. vol. vi.), otherwise omitted? It is cer- tainly, however, not the Calobates thoracites of Wright in the Linnean Soc. Trans. (vol. xxv. pl. Ixiv.), or its ally C. aus- tralis (ib. figs. 1-5), both of which are here omitted.
T. campanulata, Deshayes.—This supposed manuscript species has been quoted by Tryon—whose monograph evinces a most painstaking research—as the real Stutchburyi of Blain- ville! I could not descry the delineated valves in the British Museum ; but Mr. E. Smith writes as follows :—‘ The figures give a very rough notion of the valves copied. ‘The auricle is both too long and too wide, and in fig. 9, a, the anterior area is not sufficiently large.”’
{Z. Saulit.—This supposed manuscript species of Professor Wright combines the valves of the Nausitora Saulii of Wright (Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. pl. lxv. figs. 9-15) with the pallets of Kuphus Mannii of the same plate (figs. 1-8). Such combinations render identification hopeless to those whose libraries and whose leisure for research are limited.
T. batava.—This is not the shell designed by Spengler (Skriv. Nat. Selskab. vol. 11. pt. 1), whose characteristic figure of a pallet (pl. 11. fig. 8) coincides precisely with that of the navalis of the ‘ Iconica,’ and is very different from the one here depicted. Surely the ascribed locality Batavia (which is not
* «Two specimens had been so labelled in the British Museum from the Cumingian collection. The drawings differ in several particulars; the lower or narrow end of the valves (fig. 8, &) is much too incurved, and the inferior margin of the anterior area is also too arcuated. In fig. 8, a, the auricle is too prominent, and the central portion of the valve too narrow.” —K. SMITH.
+ Mr. Smith writes that, although the drawings are rough and incor- rect, yet they are perhaps better than those in the ‘ Linnean Transactions.’ Fig. 10, a, seems to him imaginative, for he could not find anything like it in the museum. The tablet indicated Callao, not Callas Bay; the specimens came from Miss Saul (1853), and why Professor Wright ascribed them to Port Phillip, Australia, was unknown to him.
Species of Teredo. 29
appended to the example delineated) is not an imaginary one, derived from the supposed specific name Batava (Dutch). _ From a recent publication one learns that the European species still devastates the dykes of Holland.
The valves of the false batava are not so unlike those of utriculus ; the pallets, however, differ from any I possess.
T. afinis and T. brevis, from “ Mus. Deshayes”’ (his collection has been purchased intact by the French govern- ment for, I think, the Ecole des Mines; it is not in the zoological gallery of the Jardin des Plantes), should be rather “copied from Deshayes’s published figure;” probably Deshayes did not possess the shell. It is a frequent error in the ‘Iconica’ to ascribe to authors the possession of species which they have only borrowed. In some of the earlier volumes indeed the metaphorically stereotyped “ Mus. Cu- ming ’’ was attached to shells lent by myself *.
T. palmulata.—Lamarck so inadequately described this shell from its pallets alone that various members of the section Aylotrya have been adjudged its representative. Nevertheless the pictorial definition is fair enough. Adan- son in 1759 (Mém. Acad. Paris, pl. ix.) figured three ship- worms as the ‘I’aret de l'Europe, T'aret de Sénégal, and Taret de Pondicherri (figs. 11,12). From this last almost every figure of 7. palmulata has been more or less ill copied. I do not find anything like it in the ‘ Iconica,’ and certainly not the one here figured, which is probably the one so named by Thomson as an Ivish species; [ also, in youthful confidence, had accepted (Brit. Moll.) the same determination. Mr. Jeffreys, who accepted as typical some pallets in the Parisian Museum, from which he says “ Lamarck described the species,’ though that author neither referred (as usual) to the museum nor to his own cabinet for the source of his descrip- tion, asserts that they somewhat approximate but are distinct from those of bipennatus, and thus, indeed, they appear in the original engraving, which displays more than a score of articulations that taper from the first joint to the (brushy ?) apex; the stalk only occupies one third of the entire length. These specimens once belonged to Réaumur, and agree with
* As the fate of typical or even figured examples is not unimportant, I may state that very many of those rightly ascribed to “ Mus. Metcalfe” and ‘Mus. Reeve” have passed into the collection of the author, who also purchased all the types described by Benson from Frederic Layard’s cabinet.
30 Mr. Sylvanus Hanley on the
the characters of Gray’s ideal of 7. palmulata (from a speci- men in the British Museum). Blainville, who avowedly derived his description from Adanson’s plate, has ascribed to . his 7. Stutchburyi* pallets which precisely suit those of Adanson’s figure, but says the valves are perceptibly less long than broad, which does not agree with the more equal height and breadth of the valve portrayed in Adanson’s memoir. It is possible that the valves and pallet in one case or the other did not belong to the same species. It might save some confusion, if the shell be really a recognizable one, to prefer the earlier Lamarckian appellation of bépalmulata (Syst.) T.
In the synonymy of the Sowerbyan palmulata appears the name 7. Philippii, Fischer. This name was first applied by Gray (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851) to Philippi’s erroneous ideal of Z. navalis (En. Mol. Sic. vol. i. pl. 1.); but no description was attached to his correction.
T. minima, also annexed as a synonym, was very briefly described, in French only, by Blainville, in his often-men- tioned monograph, as having a very long stalk to its pallet.
T. senegalensis.—Blainville, who has given this name to the Taret du Sénégal of Adanson (Mém. Acad. Paris, 1759, pl. ix., and Voy. Sénégal, p. 263, pl. xix.), observes that the pallet is truncated, not “ bicornée.” As these words did not harmonize with the pronged pallet depicted in the ‘ Iconica,’ I was puzzled, but found on examination of the museum types that the fault lay in the drawing, which, as Mr. E. Smith declares, gives “but the feeblest notion of the pro- cesses copied.”” Adanson’s figures, indeed, are so roughly executed that I hardly dare conjecture what they were de- signed for (navalis?, &c.). None of them, however, resemble the equally indefinite species of the ‘ Iconica.’ The difference of outline in the valves of Adanson’s three species 1s not very marked.
T. nucivora.—As the illustrator has stated that he had not seen the pallet, it is a pity that he did not more precisely state
* Mr. Edgar Smith observes that “the only shells in the museum labelled 7. palmulata were pencilled by Mr. Samuel Stutchbury (a dealer) as coming from Sumatra.” He could not find either valves or pallets which would suit the figures in the ‘ Iconica,’
+ IT ama little reminded of Adanson’s figures by the valve and first joint of the pallet of 7. (Xyl.) Dunlop of Wright (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol, xxiv.), a shell mentioned in Sowerby’s monograph.
Species of Teredo. 31
the source from which he copied it (fig. 17, c); the delineated specimen * differs a little from the earlier representations of it, being shorter than in Spengler’s drawing (Skriv. Nat. Selsk. vol. ii. pt. 1, pl. ii. fig. D). The statement that the British Museum had furnished the specimens is an error.
T. denticulata.—The reference should have been to Gray in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1851, p. 386, where this name is given, without appended description, to the undescribed and supposed erroneous navalis of Méller. Naturalists might have been congratulated that this undeterminable shell was at length defined, only unfortunately the jagged tooth-like pro- jection on the side of one of the pallets of the museum speci- men (received from Mdller, I fancy) seems the result of an injury or malformation. Both sides of the pallet are repre- sented as symmetrically jagged, but this was imaginative. My. Edgar Smith remarks that the valves are inaccurately drawn.
In making these comments upon the monograph of a pecu- liarly difficult genus, I wish expressly to declare that my criticism is solely designed to prevent the perpetuation, or origination, of errors which would spring from a misplaced confidence in the existence of specimens in the national col- lection.
It is the only illustrated monograph of the genus, the materials for which are too scattered and too rare to be readily accumulated and compared. An abundance of speci- mens and a fine library are absolutely indispensable to a conscientious naturalist, and even to obtain access to the latter is almost impossible for a scientific conchologist who permanently lives in England. Rich shell-collectors buy costly specimens, yet for names sponge upon the brains of those whose books they refuse to purchase.
* “Mus. Brit. and Sow.” “No tube, valves, or pallet like these drawings are in the museum.”—EpGar SmirH,
i a a a ISA A ‘sourddipiyg ‘aopéesg fosrey ‘Sutar ‘aemtoeds oug |*'**
Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca
32
‘OISLIO}OVIVYD Surysinsurstp Atustoyyns & you st smppsnd Aq sods efqnop Jo sor jo uotssossod ay} toy ‘peytun oq ysnur setoeds omy oy],
"SSBMTY ‘sa.mynu yo AyorreA orout ev ATqQIssog “snp -200.199) “IBA OY} 0} 4I USISSe 07 pacu ou St ai0q} § e[qeztusooes ATIsve ynq ‘Tfoys UIOM W
‘snupoowuau Jo [Jays sunok K19A B SI uommroeds opSurs ey} ‘ MolvoyUMOprIstM y
“SYIVULO YT
|-eTe@Q, AON | "ST TOTAL
-pueg 0} e1sendjog] ‘ox ‘uopéeg [ST qormpueg
0} veisoudjog]| ‘sniytmey ‘aopdeg [ ‘sy Yormpurg 07 viseudtog ‘esour
-10,q ‘uojkeg ‘toqanog] ‘st Az0100g
L's] Torpueg
“sT WIA “eyeysny “N “eImoperey men ‘uopkeg ‘uepy] ‘setjeyaseq Hers eka
[ -ueder
‘sesonbieyy “sy Ajetoog ‘vour
“BS “ST tA ‘mophep | ‘sy qormpueg [erpeasny “Ny “sy Aypedory
‘ermopereg “N “ST syfoog ‘vour
-eg “ST WIA ‘doqinog| *o2y ‘mopkog,
oS sea
[TeyeN fs] yor
=purg 0} viseudjog ‘uophag ‘uoq -mog| ‘sy ourddyiyg pure Ayer0g
“MOTNGIAISTCT
‘ST Teqne ‘1eqVAA MOT -[eys ! ourary ‘uemtoeds oug ‘ST yeqne ‘tezeaa MOTeYS £ (Tjeus) aret 4oN "s] Teque ‘reyean
MOTUS ‘fsuetioeds mo JIE SL ‘reyeaa MOTTRYS { yuonhe«s7
"ST Teqne ‘teem AMoTeys {ueueds oC "ST Teqne ‘109vAn ‘ueuneds oC
FE ANE ToYVM MOTTRYS * yuenbery ‘sy Teque ‘107em
AOT[VYS
MoTeys {uewmreds oud
"ST Teque ‘rye
AoTeys { uempoeds sug
"MOTIRIG
[egg ‘d ‘Ax ‘JOA tosz ponuryM0) |
‘may ‘snyvouty reeseeeess up boSata “""" utog ‘snyeTjesse} —— meee aun ‘snpiAaey. ——
‘[ssompzy ‘stsuomey -Ka0 | ‘muaya ‘snqpisnd
“8 * moog ‘tan14e8[n} —— |
‘[ssompy ‘stxerprut | ‘snyVrAciqge
HUN
"3" sspme ‘snyeucre ‘[ssomzy ‘snteoour
-ou] savor “uyjeddnyy —— |
‘i CINOQ
| ‘TI Weq—espuqmeyg ‘Auojeuy sayeredmon pure ASojooy jo wmosny, ‘ASojooz ur ijemg “wy ‘aM00Q SaNvE, aauaty fq ‘suor “2940 pun suoywppr yum “paysyqnday—MayaNYOV]L Laatoy AG “69ST younyy puo hunnugag fo syzuopy ay, un zany fo fin oy, ur uorsunoxa-burbpoug 0 burunp pauwiqo wosnpjopy snoaonzsay,
uo
oy}
sspmET “SNPTATT sno)
3.odarg—* UNIT
3d
obtained in the Gulf of Suez.
Ajssopyoor (ey, *d ‘1A “qouog ‘uey) wodzy, ‘QATPOUTIS -1p Apjueroyyns ere Yeueo Jo yvoryy pue BewNjoo pei-yo1q jo pveysut Asor pue ‘TIO rordurngs Yonta ‘zis LaT[VUUS s4t yNG ‘yuafynhiuo 04 payejet st ory ‘texte ‘na.wph.la ae [TOYS OY} + poytyuopt ATouor AA.
‘uaery ‘nurchry o[qetiea ay} jo suatmroeds Ajxeepo ore sTeys oy} ‘ wONBOyMUSpIsiM VW
"MOTydeT[0O oq4 ut svedde uetmtdeds ON
‘sngnjjassaz Jo Mawtoeds sunok e Ajo st [eqs 94} {poyyuept ATsuot A DIG ‘SE 8eA00x7 Wytas ATowxe puodser109 Koy {ry ‘snwyqnyon GAIA poytyuept JeyogT
“41 0} spuodser109 Apoexo yey} ‘sn “Wu ey} ye SurToU st aeyy, ‘esse ‘sna Jo ‘IVA poyeU-][OM B Ayqeqord ynq ‘snunoonjou you Ayurez10—)
‘ST WOrMpueg | ‘sy Teque “qWeF g ‘orvI JON |" ** asvag “etoyt{tTouL ——
‘on ‘sourddyryg | ‘sT Tene “Tey @ “Quenberg java “wyetacrqye [aopkeg] ‘a2 ‘sourddrpryg | ‘ST reqne “yey Gg Quonbory [°° * wo ‘BIOFITNOULO
[erry
-Sny ‘GN “Sqteryg semtoy, “ST IA ‘gojfeg |] ‘svg esoullyQ pue uviIpuy
[-erpery
-snYy ‘AN “S] WOrMpurg 07 visett -Ajoq| ‘sy ourddyrmg pue AJe100g
[‘snjomneg “sy tA ‘eIpeysny
‘TN ‘Spee setioy, ‘eruopeTeD
mon ‘uedee ‘esoumog ‘erodes -u1g ‘uojseg ‘moqinog] ‘sntzimeyy
‘svog BUIYO
TEI) etal
[uopheg] ‘erpeqjsny "eIVEUING
‘sniyMeyy ‘oyloeg
“B00R [PT [-erperjsny “yy ‘puryory sony “sy AqpeAory ‘eraop
“Taayoup “eeerqy Are |
‘Lory ‘eurrsT | ‘Sy Teque “yyy g@ ‘orer oN |wea ‘finwy “srpuvis sting,
‘HZ dINOLOMNATT ‘ST jeque ‘ere you ‘peop ‘aioqg | "***" “7 “eTjeyessna CT ‘orn ‘my, “erex you {peop ‘a1oyg |-x0}] ‘war ‘suLteorA ‘ST Tu008 Keg ‘reye MoT fyuepunqy |°*** ssvauzy “snyeraee; —— ‘ST Teqne ‘19}VAN MOT ‘[usog ‘snqzey[esse} | -jeys {surat ‘uotmroeds oug jyoag ‘sisuoceqy Aso "ST Teqne ‘107BAs [7 ‘snury
MOT[VYS ‘stetmpoeds saat, [eyo | ‘eun7 Tuosuepy —— "ST [eqne ‘10}@A MOTTVYS ; ‘Surat ‘suowroeds omy |** ‘woz “sisue1vuns —— ETT I I "ST Teqne ‘Teqye@M ALOT -jeys {surat ‘uewtoads aug |** ssomzy ‘snueooumen ——
"sy Teque “1ayeM MOT -[eys {peop ‘uewroeds eug | sspmzy ‘g snueooeyeut ——
"sy Teqne ‘Taye MoTeYs
. xVi.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol
—eeeeeeeeEeEeEEeEeeeeeEeEeEeEEeEeeeeeeeeeeeeee nr nn nn nn nnn nnn nnn nn nn nn nnn a
‘Keun ‘syoingns nyu? yey} eva 07 srvedde | 4, ‘ose OY} sprvmo, jtoyA-Apoq oq JO 9[pPplut ey} TAAO posuojord ore sqia oy yey} UL seumynwawo yo edky Oy} UOT APY STIS
IoyIp (pepnpour sureq soroeds surpeo ‘oa “ST Teque -ord oY} Wor sueutioeds uoeAes) ST[EYs oT, ‘reqenbuery, |"yjey g-z ‘ueuroeds eug|'*** “wT ‘stuypnuero —— ‘gotdeds SUTMOT[OT OY} 07 “pamlumloyeyy Sey 0} INy, ‘uy ‘stxepnue.o | Suopeq Te sTPeys ey ‘ peyyuepr Apouot Ay j ‘soutddiyiqg |‘pues “yjey g-g Soret JON jacoagy ‘“sisueneXeceo —— “ULIOF ‘70g pore Ajavou wv st “(uedep) yyrug “vshauffar ‘uvder pue vuryy |yv eloys uo prep ‘yuenbaty | °° * wn ‘enprAaepy erp
‘pinpow yo Aukuouds oy} oyur ssed ysnuz pus ‘sernzvey onst -Ieyovivyo Jo ploasp oyinb st “snyy “41g
oy} UI St ory Jo odAq oy} “svos vary “TI"I OT-G ou} Wor ‘WIIWMG “Wy ‘sumpsuoour Dynoung) ‘BOORTRIY JO spreazg |{ awa ypeus ‘stetmtoeds oaly |" °° °° spwuzr “epaper —— *DAIDIOU
JO ‘IBA [BOOT FUSS B UBG} eLOW OU are
suotutoeds vog-pary eset] pur ‘TyTULG ‘n20.19
-ajaa yeyy eTqeqoud sues 41 ‘Mo1yNqr14stp
jo esuet eptam ATOA B SBT wadn[OIN 4eTY
peteqUIUIEL SI 4I MSTA puB ‘ Ploy yOu [[IM
‘suouttoeds jo 1equinu ¥ jo uOTyeUIWIEXe
ey} UO “IeAeMOY ‘WOTPOUT}SIP SIyy WAT
‘B]JEUINOO oT} WO ploy eto jNq SB, TOULIOT
ay} IVY} 9q 07 savedde aonjora puw ory
Teeayeq soUeLeyIp ureut ey ‘(9TP ‘d
‘GIST “ISTH “JEN “SU 3 “UTy) qyTUIg
‘DIDAGIZAIY SE TALS “sn ‘Quq oq} Ut 7 ae c Syn +) URIS
sotoeds @ 0} Ajjoexe puodseatoo syjoys ey, |-10,7] “92 ‘soutddrpyg ‘vous mon | pues “WIR OZ-OT ‘elRI ION | °° spuagzy “BaoRTOTA . ‘soutddytyg | ‘sy eque “W123 g ‘erer yoN | 2aaaar “eVepneotAcsq STINT,
Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca
*sMOYS ‘SN “ING oy} ur sodA, oy} 4ev sours eB sv ourystp AyTeyNTOSGe ST 4T YOrTA WOT ‘spurpy ‘vqnunuah yim sotoeds oy} soqran
*syIVUIOY, “MOIgNGIIISIqy “MOT}EIG an TPAS
34
obtained in the Gulf of Suez.
ESE jo syremjg {sueuttoeds mog | Yq “ear —— “41 Suyqttos -op Woy urerjer [ ‘omnyeur st suetutoeds elt} ey} Jo euou se ynq ‘Mou ATquqoad st soloods oy, s9p2wWo07042 OY] Jevo, Ot} ‘Teqne Jo sqreryg “TPR; G-Z UI 1OU 1B STAYS ey} { peyUepL ApouOT AY ‘soutddyryg |! SunoA ‘sueuttoeds oem, |*°** aeaer ‘gapruoqi4y. ——
EE fo EAMETS) ‘om ‘vou Moxy ‘sourddymg |TV} E-Z !uouttoeds ouy |" * spuszT “Vplqnt BlouRTze(T ‘sotoeds MoM & OJUT opeUt Suto 5 ptoae 0} tvou ApUeTOYINS ore sTToYys ey
“Sn “JMG OY} UI purywaowea Jo SuUdTIIOEdS [ ‘wosyoue ay} WIA Tworyuepr Apoynjosqe you yonoyTY |Hog ‘eiperysny ‘meoutA "39 JT | [‘suouttoeds soryy, || ‘Lasso“g “eurzueouta | —— ; EE AE ‘sourddrpyg |" ype} ¢-G {uemttoeds omg) |**** aaaayy ‘soptosstt [‘oyto ‘sy equ “qyey
eq ‘Q “s[ s,poomummmg| ‘oytord |¢-G ‘Sunok ‘uemtoeds ouy semog ‘msurmng vypouqdeg, ‘pmprany Jo says Sono oq 0} yno sun} Joy} 944 ,,+ POUTUT
-1ajepun setoeds 0M4,, 9} JO 9UO ST SILT, SEEN ciee Mean? RAs ‘suotutoeds xg |*"** *[ypueugy “eared |] —— ‘soutddrmg | “st eqn “ype G-z foreyy | * * * aaaagr “enpta
‘spurpy ‘2727 jo wAuouAsS
B LaqyV] oY} SULIepIsuod UI WITY MOTTO; yOu -uv0 [ ynq {adver ‘nsow.0f= se ‘arco ‘ngmjassag SuIpIVsat UL Jpstr stm9es OAL, ‘Lanaagr “esoumt0y = ‘TTaYs yueteyrp vB oqimb st ‘spurpy ‘vpopjassa7, | [sourddyrgg] ‘twssvovyy jo sweyng} ‘sy Teque “mayest Gg ‘ater jadaaay |spurzy “ey eT[OS80} ‘GPL d ‘q1gT “wsey, ‘00g “Aor
‘01g UL wosmayp DY? B Pedtiosop sey SpoOAA-UosIuay, toy ‘pocueyo oq pnoys euvu oy} ‘moyAuY “s1vnynuato TIA [BOTy “uept st “CJ/ST “ISTH, “JeN “SBI 2 UAW) yg “wuoswaype Ayureyt90 { soroeds jo IUIIOBIP plVa B 99N71}SMOD UBD TOIT O14ST -rojovrvyo Aue yuosord you op (ed49 8,X8t4) ‘Iq, Wor peteu ATqvumnserd) ‘sn “yg ey} ut suetutoeds eyg, ‘AurMuouds oy} 0} poppe oq ysnum ‘pornsy roaou ynq “gg *d
B%
€ ©
. ‘
Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca
36
‘gag ‘d “atx “Feel “ISLET YON ‘ORIN Fy ‘UL UL poeqiosep sv soroeds jnjyneeq siqy, ‘sorjdde osje vsounibgns “ifagq atepuh yarewmer oy} Por 07 ,“pourmzejepun ‘seroeds oun ,, OY} MOAf OLB SULMOT[OT OA4 OY} puUB STILT, 7DI4IQL JO SMITH -roads Sunok ATuo ore Loy} : Urece oUOL AA ‘oAaoy ‘sunbhaja ppe samiofisnf jo KurCuouds oy} OJ, your}srp ayn st wpnorwing Sorcary ‘suudofrsnf 440q Axe sT[eys oy { UOLVOyTUEpIsIM reyZoUW *aA001T pus ‘py ‘n7ng72a212 vey, pus ‘edcery ‘syonib ete Yor Jo dort} ‘suevtoods XIs suIyjuoo pred oy} S'uoryy ‘a0072.19 0} puodsert09 pomBn sn} ST[OYS oy} JO ouONy
[‘sopfayo£og)]
‘somrdd yy
‘sourdd rit
‘860 URIPUT
bot beobeeerrdeoeee
sourddryiy ( Wosyoer sr 310g |
"eee “d “AIX “PRST ISTH JEN “OVI FY UAV
“4ST] STU} Ut sotoeds Surpoo -o1d GJIM poytUepr oureq woIZ WMeyy jo uoy10d sqetepisuod v szuoAeId ssozyqnop qorga ‘aoripuoe peq ut puv oynutm ArToA O1¥ ST[OYS oy} JO AuvUL {sty} MOTOq LET STLVE seloeds peytjueprun jo requnu oy} AqtTeat uy ,/peurmazeyapun soroeds x1s-Aqu0M) ,, 94} WOT a1v soloeds SUIMOTI[OJ OY} pue SILT,
bebo 660 bob @ o d'o db
‘ST 8, pooyy paory |f suottoeds
aL nn i IS RE elt | per
*SsyTCULO IT
Se
HOHNG ISIC
[‘suountoeds omy, ] \[yz2eugy ‘tesnoyi0ye 4A | ——
[‘suempoeds omy | |[ yzeeugy ‘wunrepjoyohos | ——
[‘suoutoeds exom omy] |'** * ‘Laaaaay ‘stiova]] ——
‘[anaagr © pp “eyeyqLA ‘suotutoeds oAty |-113] aaaayy ‘voovytideo
‘Laaaaay ‘stut10y ‘suouroeds omy, |-1snj] aaazay “ejnotiang ——
‘Lao § PY
‘eqeqyIALIy § aaaaaz ‘SI{IO ‘adRl JON [HeLa | wary “voorqia, vavyy hCG [‘stevntoods omy ||**** [spuezy “toands] —— [ ‘sueunioeds ae ‘Laaaaay ‘stpeproverdd | —— [‘suewroeds x1g]|*****- [aaaaay ‘sand | —— [‘suompeds omy ||** [yzeugy ‘euvousozy | —— ‘IVI JON |'uwy7T ‘soploqmoyL BipLoueyy [‘suompoeds qycry | |* *[sobuzy ‘eq earpimue, | ——
[‘uourtoeds og || ‘[ypeewg “esowercqns |] ——
‘TeqNE JO 87Ve14C EDS [oay] omy, |‘sisuotsoudjod viouvajeq ores TAS
“Ul UG SBA 19}}2] OM} OT} JO JOYJNe OTT, ‘pay ‘seusofwhd pues “os ‘eng pus seroeds sty} maeMjoq wolouystp oytocds prea Aue vos 07 Aq1ptqeur Aux sseymoo ysnut T “punsinogy 04 surfb epjpa st pumbunung yeux (Tg ‘d ‘epet 'S'Z ‘q) SesseyW0o JfosuIy ZnpoOoIy ‘asTAd ~1940 10 yeInyns ‘spavq Surfattoue eyed 0x3 Ul suolyeIIVA oy} UO ATULeUT 4s0r 07 rwodde Wey} UseMjeq seouetayip pasoddns oy, ‘Cuey) arog ‘vfne pure ‘(q2) ‘jaar, ‘oune simog ‘(SPST 'S 'Z ‘d) ‘P9el ‘vumbunung soloeds 014, 94} Usemyoq uorjeredos O oul] e}IUyep dus MeIp 07 o[GQvUN We J].
37
‘sourdd ria
[ uoqinog] ‘seutddiyiyg [‘uoqinog | ‘sy eTjayaheq [-vmeueg ‘uepyezepy ‘10 X odeg “sy yormpurg] ‘ow opweg “sy Areurg ‘wanjnoredo Auo4ys & (stqy tory “MoU OU Seop suVpY) culAvy ‘worgnAT OnTy BSt][oys oy, ‘exet} poradoostp eq ATqeq -o1d [TM 47 ‘WeeURAIOJIpe|, OY} JIqey “UL JOU Soop vz2vLOWWDU “\ueseId 4% MOTH OM SU Ivy os ‘osnvdeq ‘ouo eqeyTeULoL AIOA BST UONVOYUEpl oy, ‘Wnosnur sty} UL MOU OLB v7MLOUW.UL Jo sadky OY} OsNBD -eq e0Uepyu0d e10UK OY} YIM UOT}LOSSU sry} oye y pur ‘(71g “d ‘GST ‘S'Z ‘dd UL poqiiosep) pyp.1ouwwU ssuEpy ‘TT Y4LMA ST[eys zong ey) Jo AyyWapt oynjposqe oy} 07 88 Uot}senb ou oq wed ory} uorutdo Aur uy
obtained in the Gulf of Suez.
(ar) ‘sy Aveaeg
“BIJ VIS
somiddyryg |sexy ‘prep ‘oroys ‘ayeropoyy |***
“poulutoyr yy, ‘wny “eyoreuE ——
*pouttoyr fT ‘Tuo ‘emnr="7oag7 | sey “peop ‘eroys {ore janaay ‘euetourmng = —— “pommmoyr yy sey ‘peep ‘eroys {omy | '**** ‘wawayy “eararts
‘pomumoyey Sexy
‘peop ‘oxoys ‘uomtutos yoy |* “ww “euojsouBeut ‘pus
“Tey G 07 oL0ys “yuonberg |" * “way ‘euroo0LeDt ——
1a -Uspl outeq sotoods oT} suoysonh yoIoy, ‘pues “ayer g-G ‘suepy “Hepa |’ PY ‘7 “eyeroutteut —— *poulmoy -By, SUyy ‘eLOYyS fare gon |**?* aaaagy ‘snyjase vorye Ny
"HT CIOILVN
pene NE TET TTP SN gg ST
“TUTYR I, "yyey g-g ‘yuonbeay |**** “pp ‘p ‘snzeotas —— ‘pomen ATYSIt st pxvo SIT, ie ete One bee} be hr Os ‘ vop py ‘snqptsnd —— ‘smppisnd 4OU st 41 yng “no ex 07 (IOM 00} SI 1oy}0 oy S "py “Vy ‘s77n07)nq aq oj savedde oug ‘seroeds yourystp oy ‘lpr ‘Ky ‘snzveqyeq | 04 Sursuojeq ‘suetatoeds omy ATUO ore otoULT, ‘soutddtyiqg ‘oreyy | ‘pp “Pv ‘snqpisud snostpeq¢) | "IMO[OI-o801 1481] B Jo puw ysorz A109 ore suotmioeds oxy, ‘sourdd yy ‘TBE OSV-ZL fore | 'pP Pp “eyeynqns | ‘sourdd pia. ‘IRE pf eawel gon | > cpp py ‘stperqrot | [‘s] Yormpurg] ‘snywmey| ‘“qyey PF {exer AToyexopopy |'*°* ‘wo “eyesn1109 —— | i a ['uedep] ‘sourdditqg ‘pues “TB OS-ZI ‘orey |" ‘stplowts = eyjeprmersg | ‘H AITIAAINVUA
THOME CAME ‘uojfog, [*purysy poopy pxory]|‘eroys uo yuenbeazun yon ‘[ jooay “eqnor | ‘om ‘any, ‘yUIOg 107, ‘uotunery |‘eroys uo yuonborjun oN |" ‘pp ‘Py ‘eyRonr or0yrae A [‘Brtmop “prop "TOT}OOT[ON OY} UL JON |-eTR@Q MeN ‘uoqinog]| ‘seurddrpryg \‘eroys uo ‘suewtoeds eaLqg|''** “7 “efnpea stsdoqztzay
“HW GISTOLINH NY
‘oleqy | PP ‘A “eqnuiw, viaeypewery ‘UIfeTLD Jo vyednd pura
OKT UOIULOD oY} st Torys ‘setoeds stqy “peuuroy ‘[ yay “ered | fo Surjoqe] oy} Ul evISTUI otMOS ST CLOT], [soutdd iia ‘reqenbuery, | |-eqq sey ‘peop ‘eros ‘ orery |*poagy “euelyoreuey BorzEN, | ‘YovUIV'T JO vynunut
qqeuva yevyMeutos ATqeqord exozoreyy : pus peynqiysrp-Ajoprm oy} YA pezun | aq [JOM Avux Loy, puv ‘(Toys yseT oT3 WO SYIVUIAL oY} des) LoyvUt-soroeds 07v.10]0A
‘SHAVUOT MOH NALISIC TONRIg TeUS
Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca
38
ececrctnets eect | a a | |
a ee
‘SUMMpULY UMO S,MOIPUVOVP UI 4ST] [LULSIL0 oy} 0} poppe ore poyfeqey snqy SOT}I[CoOT pure setoedg ,
omes 047 st “(GIT d “2981 ‘SZ ‘d) “SUV ‘DpywU DILWOQIN GE *a}B4S Sed} SIL UL [TES ay} JO «nopoo snasnf-ofns oy} Jo suremoed yy Ajdunis ere peqttosep exeyy sazuaosafne apyjod wpsnhun aospf out, “[T9R8T “ISUET JON ‘SVL WY UnWy Woy sunep vynwsvf +9 “(Ist “d ‘gest ‘8 °Z ‘d) Aqmtoud oavy [TIA omen 10},R, eT], “vosnf mrzzruuayQ se suepy “vy Aq poqtiosep [joys cues ony
39
jo o7e48 poyovetq pue peep oy} ATdunis st 41 ‘pry “eosnt=] py R |sB ‘roqje8oqye aveddesrp ysnux soroeds sry, Leyeasny ‘g ‘urdep] ‘euryg ‘ole |p “eqeroseziq §—B[[TUOqang, S ‘ds ‘u ‘uoutoeds ony) |** per “pF ‘eamqta emesy . 'BG1-961 “dd ‘OZ8T “ISIE “JEN “SPT > juny ut ‘coded sty} ut surepy “w jo sotoeds SS, [Atom doqjo 079 [Te YIM toyJ0S0} ‘poqrmoseq| °° °° pineal Des iS ‘Su ‘uouttoeds oug| ‘pp ‘py ‘enomSatd vutac & "PV “V ‘2 7/aj0W20 YIM poyTyUEpT oq ‘Ler “PF “eyqeqzout0 | > [OF SE PUR “vuaynqns Wo. JoULSIP SI [Toys ONLY, [peg vorog] -‘ueder ‘uoumtoeds ouQ) | ‘pp 7 “eurfnqns —— ns ‘ueder ‘stoumtoeds OMT, | *** ‘pp 7 “eurdnd ——- = ‘ds ‘u ‘uoumtoeds eu |-**- ++ ‘pp “Fy “epron, —— “S JN Huerws0g, ‘aeder pue sourddyiyg ‘orey [°° pp Fe ‘eyeTNoIow —— 3 | ‘sourddyyry g ‘suotmpoeds oomgT | * +" pp y “st[re — -= ‘ueder ‘oley | “pP ‘p ‘eyeyornd vjoursa iS 7 [pry ‘snyvay ES "PV “V ‘snzveq0q eq 04 savodde qjoys OTL [ovueputyy | ‘ueder ‘memtoeds ou¢, -[eq] ‘oP ‘Pp ‘sneqqtA
‘jNU}SeTO pur UM Jo Seysep Ino[Oo “prum}y T[V 7B 4OU [LOTAd 4SeT ‘PI[OS e1our Youur ore sTeys esoyy {syop Jo S}[9q Iv[N.dot oNsTIe}OvIeYO oy Jo usIs Aue sMoys eno ATUO sueuttoeds mee}zy 40qe Jo Py MOQ ‘“sngnpyassag jo Ajowea poyrvur ATOA W ‘OYBQSVIN JO ‘ST "UIRT G-G S erVl yon |p] ‘2npy ‘snyeyjesse7 ——
‘soroeds yuereytp ev oyimb Jo usuitoeds
Smmod v8 st [Toys YAXIs og, ‘Avs youuro T “py ‘saproyaga.oz Jo urduouds v st ‘t001g, FO JOU “Touery Jo sepavwh “Ag oyy St Yor ‘jessy “esawarye soroads oq} LayzET AA. PW “YAR ‘pK ‘PV ‘seproTiaq "V ‘saptopjaqa.iag *229Q exe ST[EYS OY} JO ALT Se TRIE Ea he g-g ‘suowtoeds [oay] x1g |-a109] gassy ‘txeuetyy ——
ee
a
Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca
40
‘gouttoeds Jood opsuls B WOIT paqttosap oq 0} you ynq ‘mou ATqIssog ‘payers ‘ATpeurpngrsuoy you ‘ATosoastiecy OLB SYIL OY} Wooajod Sedtjs1ojUt oy} pu ‘snoyiqum ou st exoy3 ‘(00g “4 “4 ‘OORT ‘SIFT “JBN ‘SVT UNV) “PV “V JO BINp08 (wHpoy spivasoyye) gor ey} jou ATure41p
[een -yuopt oq ATprvy wes pus ‘uor}rpu0s ae Ut st VoUMIoeds opsurs ey} yng ‘you ATUIEILa_
“pypsn,fig 8 OAOV WOATS eSOT} ULI} UOTIPMOS os.t0A v coyyer ut Ajuo “py "wy ‘vosnf Ajdutts av s]jeys oy} {peyryuepr Apcuorm oy? PV “V ‘82) -noiow ,, 8B JjasmaTy suIBpy Aq peTfeqey ore Koyg pur ‘os ore syjays yuesetd oy} Apureg -10() | *(vasnf{-+-nynsnfig) Jo wutoy Sunok ayy Ayduis st ‘poansy useq ToACU sey gory. ‘seroods ey} yeq} worordsns suo.7ys Aut pdooer Aus e1ozoroy} TTTM [ “SN ‘jag ey} ut edé} oY} LoACOSIP OF e]qe TAEq jou oARy ] ‘Sumang ‘suzy oy} Woy (get “d ‘egg 'S ‘Z ‘d) supy 4q weats yonoyy, “pprywu JO WOTZw.1E4[V uese (egt ‘d “2st 9 WN ‘SZ ‘d) yesmiy svsuy Aq eats ‘mAuouds royjour yok st ‘seSuy “uuoufozy *xeoddestp MOU OSTR ysnut e1ojoroy wsvbupy uoyedno -ooard Jo punors oy} uo “svhup 07 wprpe amen oy} patoyye (LJ8T “EL Wore “Use, ‘90g ‘Ao 001g) SpooAA-Wostuey, “T[9qs
"Sy IBULOY
"wag BUI)
wag BUIYD
[wyeqsny ‘g ‘under |’ -sourddimg sourdd yy
‘ueder
[ying uvissog] ‘sourddymyg
= lie
"TOTINGIAASTT
‘memioads eg |**'* ‘pry ‘vy ‘e[nyIas ——
‘arey |" ‘pp ‘py “eyessnoep ——
[‘poutunteyop Mou
sv ‘Tommooun 40K |
"OYRIG
ee a | RE
‘oreyy | PEC ‘gosny area | * “py VW “epypuea ——
i ane ‘rey |‘vosny | ‘py “py ‘epnyour ——
W224 vy ‘wosny=<] “py ‘aiBy | ‘“sliepnoroe ey[Laoqany,
TAS
41
obtained in the Gulf of Suez.
a
"rT ‘snwow eTqelIea oy} JO "IVA B UY} eLOML SuTyZou ATqIssog
‘][VUIs pue Tory
-Ipmod peq UI St [ays ey} yuq | wnj7Aga.007 wourut0d 943 Jo sunok oy} ATao ATqeqorg "409I10K)
‘ROTJIPMOD oTqissod 4s10M oY} UL alv suotmtosds oy} {nyyquop AToutpesoxyy “MOT}O9][OD OY} UL Mou stietUTOEds ON
‘poroaoostp st xode qoojiod v JIM wotmweds v pun souvdeqe Ur suleter uosenb oyy, ‘epmojzrtAqg 8Y} 0} FI SLoJoL J[PSMIIY suBpY * [HFZQnop sl snues oy} Jo uoiisod ovurojsds ony,
"tof quesord oy} TILA [TOTS ULIpeIsNYy-YN0G Bw seytyuept AT[nJyqnop (91 ‘4 ‘cost ‘S"Z'd) seeuy “AO “tN
‘OT ‘A 'T4 “QLST “ISIH “FEN “ORI Y ‘aay
"qOO1IOKD)
‘sourddyiyg oy} pue wos -yovpe ylog wor “py “Vy ‘vuawy nuohpy O18 S][OYS OY} { UOVOHI}USpIsIUL ToYJoUW
‘sotoeds UMOTY Aue unory ‘Aqyuoredde ‘pur vyuynuun worz qourysip ajinb yno urny “4B pexooy ATesojo Woy ‘sTTeys ey} ‘peynuepr ATHsey oor, "LE ‘d ‘tA ‘OL8T “ISTH “FEN “OVI BY “Wuy Ur paqitosoqy "4001109 SI WOVOHTUSp oy} Yey} wAyye youuvo T
‘suiotmioeds
[-esomio] ‘sourddymg joay {prop ‘faojem AMory |" '* *mog ‘canyetoseytq ——
[uepy] “veg poy JN) UwIs19qg
sommddryig ['JJn9 urisiog| ‘ueder
‘Uv900 UBIPUy
ose Pee oe eee roo ee
‘sourddtyry
creer eerste too eee eo
[¢ Bly -eIsny “S Gyn urvisiog] ‘ueder
[yy uetsi0g] ‘urder “BOS BUILT)
[uosyour qxog ‘sourddyryg] [‘sourddrryg ]
‘sT rqne
‘uvder
‘yuonberg {1oye MOT |**** ‘“mog ‘ummetnzeo ‘OVI JOU { *YYBT 19} 0} GALT | ‘Mog ‘osuetepe uINTyyLIE*D
‘WAMA LILO ‘uauttoeds oug |'* ‘pr ‘PF “epnprpuro ostyy
‘uauttoeds og |" * ‘pp "py ‘epLeyooruos ‘ds ‘u ‘uouroeds oug | ‘pr py “esoy[vo vutreytpAyg
‘areyy |" * ‘mog “eyepncueqns ‘area | *'*"* d mog “eordo "TIEF OG Savy |" “pp Hy “eynoe vUNTTNGT
TY Ve ‘ds ‘u ‘uowoeds oug |‘isofeysoqy evurojsomeTvog
‘suomtoods OMY, | ‘VPP “e{VUIOID VUITNoUT_C
‘ds ‘u ‘uatatoeds oug |'* "°° * “pp ‘p “voata —— jy
‘suotmweds mnog |p ‘xtpuey vurskydopdyq
‘suomteds omy, |'*"* ‘pp "Pp “eqysvo eraodq, [PV
‘yp ‘eucowe eruodzy | ‘suouttoeds sary yy, | ‘py Pp “eAtny vursA,dou0 py
‘PY “V “eq8ep ‘suotmoods veayy, |-our [vimoAyy | vurjoonery
‘suotmtoeds mop |'* “pry ‘Pp ‘ByepnuUe eT[LOS— ‘ds ‘u ‘oreyy |°*'' eelpuvorpy epNULOy
‘usuttoeds emg |''** “py ‘py “eorpoum ——
Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca
42
Yor ysouomey ‘AmAuouds 044 poyeroumnus sey (FE ‘ds ‘ossory Ivy Jop ‘ovpeyT) [ossT
“SAT “WMT oN} UL steumoeds ey} Jo oumos poorrd suy Morpuyoryy { [Toys sty} JO aDUB.G9[9 OY} JO BOP OU SaATS CINDY 8,0A001]
“omojeq ATyUEp -TA9 suoumtoeds oseq} OIA 07 “pooAr ‘wnsobnt Jo wAMOUAS IOUT B ST 41 “oorI09 oq WOBoOHyIZUEPT oy JT Inq { poqitosep svar “ysIOy “ungnnun ib oleyM MOU YOU OP T ‘MOTNGIAYSTp JO stod -O1jOUL 9} UOT; eouRAstp Aq posnvo ‘wIOF ad oy} moray Aovrouegep 03 enp oq wey) JA 9218 Jo ssouljems oayeivduoo oly, ‘outg, ‘wnsoynpou jo AjetwA atom vB soaord Ajayvur147M soroeds oy} Fr postadins oq jou Teys [ ‘AySuorm asuauauyjhua soars Xq -I9MOG $ (76g 'd ‘XI ‘JOA ‘IL “po “yo A ‘8 UW UBT) asuauonyphca SI SuIT[Eds yOoIL09 ATT, "MO ee? a]qeirea oy} Jo utAuouds v ATUO = (¢ 3g ‘1 -yd ‘TMEDQ “priqqy ees) soroeds WUT, “Wa “unonayoy you Ayuwy109 ore Aoy} Jey} ST TET, JO pres oq uUvd 4vq} Te puv ‘suotatoeds uexorq very} ATUO ere O10, ‘pedoreaep Suteq yah you YINoU Iystleyovrvyo oy} “MOG ‘wuwn70.17 -80.4 JO s]jeys sunod se poztusooer oq Avut ynq ‘aortpuos s0od ut eave suowtoeds oT,
"SY IVUIOYT
“yuepunge "Bog por |f oye MOTTEYS PUB LOTS
[3] qormpurg ‘uedee] ‘sourddiprgag | ‘oye1opour ‘1972 MoTTeYs
‘soutddrp1y q ‘adel § ‘TYRE XIG ‘soutdd py ‘area f peop ‘eroyg [jee “voureg ‘sourddiyprqg ‘uojdeog ‘uoqinog] ‘«rBwose.cepeyy, ‘aetntoeds eto ‘atoyg ‘soutddriy gq ‘oret ‘peep ‘a1oyg "Bag pory ‘oyetopoml {1097BA MOTT "BOQ Pory ‘yuonborz {1078 MOTT ‘sourddipyg ‘arer $1078 MOTTRYG ‘stommtoeds [‘uoqanog | jomy ‘prop {107@a ory "MOTINGIUYST(T "MOTIRIG
sn ‘qyeddny ——
“''* noo ‘mINsoOont
"8" Mog Inze14801 ——
‘mog “uMNyeMoBUITTed
sone eee UT ‘ondouL
sees uae TNE}9e, ——
‘[pooyy ‘unsosnx] ‘ysiog “wnyRTNURLS
‘qu “camsor1eqny = | WdT
sesee cen ‘qMoneTeIp ——
‘[ravog ‘umnyeI4801 |
aspag ‘oaTIOBls TUMTG LCA)
‘gsuoayyAre —— |
UMOP 408 BLOT} SI TOIUTpA ‘eungneee yng wg -1unut You puy oM ‘Teasmoy ‘oeremnuy , 91} 0} SULIeJeI UG ‘ApITVOCT BSB UROUBL -I9}IPE, OY} SOALS pur “*[LOLg “Toy “wNUA “ddytyg 0} seroeds oy} seqiiose oy (69 ‘ds ‘yMda) “AX “JOA) , BISOTOYOUOD , eyy UT "So100ds 4S¥] SIT} I9AO OYVISIUT OT}STIOJORIBYD B epeul sey sAseyy “MOG ‘wngyunu pue ‘oy PomMOYLN. seyy “Mog ‘ungouoydis poppe eq 4snur T[oys ‘QI@I JOU SOTJOTIVA [RIOAOS e[qvLIvA yeyMoutos siq} Jo AuAuouds oy OT, [oy ‘nomvg] ‘sourddryryg |‘teye moreys pue eroyg|'***** ‘og ‘euuntoo —— ‘[ smog "UNILLIN TOF LOTTO TBOULOTO W [‘surmepuy] ‘sourddipiyg “TByeZ G § ore |cang11104 | iene —- font rungobarwa A[qeyeystuun ore ‘[fong “unyesorrea | \suoutoeds anoz oy} ‘peyuepr ApLomOT AA ‘sourddipin ‘oyerepour { peop ‘exoyg java ‘7 ‘uInye~notequy; —— *| “aogy ‘euunyoo | chimes ‘mog ‘nuunjoo Jo uetmtoeds esiel W "sy Ajot00g |'ueutoeds ouo ‘prop ‘eroyg |'mog ‘uInyeuryoea = —— *S10}09T[09 eures oy} Aq yysnoriq ‘ypaddnaz sv Ay1[R00T eues oY} WO JI sears oy sv ATTeIoedse ‘SIq} We} PLOUL SUIGJOM st FI 4Vq Jorjeq 94} 0} OM spo] wnprquos Jo uotydiosep | siddyiygq jo Apnys nyorvo @ pue “TIT ‘maddnay JO sui} JreAp Io sunok uoydeo -X9 JHO}IM ore ‘cequunu ut AyueM} ynoqe ‘suouttoeds queseid ey, ,Uesunpriqqy , ey} UL peinsyg wnprqnos oy} extjan Ap1944n pues ‘Aqiemog ‘wwunjoo Jo wo} & e¥IT Ayqeytemer [Toys B 4L IoF soanoy ‘(GQRT) ,BIsoToyouoy, oy} Ul ssoy "Thd ‘wunprqvos ATWUEpL 07 eTqeun sem ‘(GggT) ‘Lua “Ted snues oy} Jo ydeisouom stq ut ‘Aqiomog "eaQ pay |'e7vAepom ‘197VM MoTTRYS |-dnyy | 72/7 ‘wNpraqeos ‘soroeds queserd oy} T}TAA WOTXeu ; ga -100 eyqissod ou eAvy vo pur ‘snbopla4 & ST ‘MAOH [JOA ST sv ‘TeAoMOY “TOYS yeqJ, ‘OT “AL ‘]d ‘oT ‘TOUCH ‘eAcey UL MEATS SB : | i )snqnynaiyin mmynwag seovyd ATsnorin9 oy
43
obtained in the Gulf of Suez.
Oe [‘aeder "ST
: ‘sourddityg ‘susmepuy] -voupy “qf fleqne “yyy g-p fquonbeag fos + +++ + pyr yD0x ——
‘snupunivpy setoods oyexredes ot[} 07 UL
Toyteyg Aq opeur st yorym snznrosnf Jo ‘sy Teque “qyey WLLOF 7Vq} 01 ATJovxa puodserr09 sTfeys ery, ‘soutddrigg |g {surat ‘suemtoeds omy | ‘Snug ‘SNYBLOSey SN.5e410 A
"wa “MOG ‘nuUunjoa= “Mog “unpnunu JO WIOF Gorey B ATOTOUL stoes (WMO TOUT -toeds oto ATWO stmaes etoy}) eTOYA v 8B seroeds oy, “yWaeosauvad ore eerays porTVaed 94} STITT “poueyzcuerys ore se_npou pur SQ eSIoASUBIY oY} Youd ut “TIE ‘eepjad
-dnay Jo vatoy B ATUO st uatMIOeds o[SuIs oY, theeE ate hricpehens lekereneneue ‘ered fey OALT |: + ‘Moy “uuntesTTUyyeds ‘qHOYSHo1gy oyvunyaoyum useq ‘wo ‘surou | SVy M2ry 7a) 8894} JO UWOTyBoyTyUepT ety, ‘saurddryiyg ‘OIBI $ 1OYVA MOTTLIG fon ‘uanyesorres ——
tng ‘wines -afyuoue ,, Sjavq ey} Wo ojou ve suy “Tea ‘snow ,, poreqet “sttyq ‘keuegq wo.y ‘SNP “JI oy} Ul yorquy W ‘ayqeysins
-Ulysipun oymb st yr yor wor ‘snvow ‘| wnry ‘sniom= ‘wary | OL pesieut oq ysnur soroeds oy ue OLOFT [reven] ‘sourddyryg ‘Joye MoT yuonbeny |r wing ‘amrezow —— *po.c.ouL aq ysnun wnso.jad sotoeds YoITLAs Ut ‘poo AA ‘[pooyy ‘umsos ‘wneobnt Wor s[qeysinsuystpun 4m ‘soutddyiyg ‘toyWM MOT S4ueNbeLy |-nz] pooy, ‘umsoxed ‘OBI + 1O}VM MOTTRYS | “uamyerrysx9yUr WINTYILIED ‘soInjns 9 ‘nog |
4B Ino[oo Jo puvq ev Aq poyteur AyorrvA vB St “TIyq faypungns opty “Mog ‘asewayore -puns pues “Tyg ‘unonaypyp ore sutdu -ouds LoyjIng ‘snues oy} Jo uoeuttoeds UIOM pus plo AUB qsome xo Op yystur gor. ‘(9 69) [[eYs ey Jo emsy puooes v SHOSUL pur (‘snimesoyy,, ey} WoIZ ewngew “nu Jo oinsy sAqraMaog satdoo oacexy 49K jonig ‘uwngohjna jo Ayorwwa TIssoy B se
—
Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca
44
—————
a | A eS
"SHIVULOY “MOTNGLAYSTCT “MOT}R1G TEMS
1 <H
obtained in the Gulf of Suez.
*({1OYAA 4ST OT] TO *(poutmexe ore __TOUIOY] IOUTOTH oYLory oystpoos orp ,, Jo ywods 07 spooooad rddryryq) suoTAIOEds JO LOYWINU e LOTA SOLIVA SUIT poye[NUVIS Jo Lequnuey}) snq oyeu0 ‘sisouers ta9}dos sT][o}s09 OTITY[N ‘SISOUB.LS TAT}VLTesTqy TALoopoNp -Tyettesonburnb ouypn nyowyue ut ‘snqtettastyqns sttnuvis ¢ eredse snqrjovrjue ‘eyBjoUNdroyUT OJNI TOA OATHF “eqs “eywUTUTNS’ ISO} “D -oyenurss ‘eyvjound-oosng snidees “eprqye ‘e}111N4-07vsU0T9 &489} (Q
“Mog “unaina—t way PID) ‘Ty “jaddnay wrnyp.0aQ
‘ST[OYS Os} OT} JO suotdiosep oy ut syutod yoyyered Suryras erowm oy} eqMosMET} T ‘reoddestp 4snur wnainoas EUIeM EY} OSvd Loy} UT “(ZG Ties baeti Inj <TqOSHto7 ‘QFRT) “Tal ‘ypeddner yim ‘op ¥ sv ‘odAy year oxy Apauepr osyo 10 “(RPST) “Hd “MON = (GEST) “MOS “wnatnore esvo YOrTaL Ty ‘ey ‘Sy sAqromog ‘zra ‘edA9 oy} ATTVOL JOU St Jey wnainoat Fo ad&q og sv preSor 0} reread Toyyre Avut oar : sn 07 Uedo sesino0d OA\4 oT aTOTY Ajuenhesuog ‘suoToeT[09 Ut wees ATTeIOUAS sTToYs LomMyvuUt 94} ULOAT Atqecopismoo sagptp yor Jo Sunok oy} “Try “ypaddnay Jo uitoy sunod B 8B 4I SUIAJIUOPL UI UOTVLIISOY OU EAVT ] OU ELOJOY SOTIOS aSrey oy uroaz yng { wexporq Apaed dry coyno oy} WIL ‘uotutoods zood v st 47 ‘BUI sAojaeyEy ‘ty ut Apzed ‘s Aqromog ut Apaed ‘odd oyg sv poyeur st [poys 1099vT sty ‘AjeyeUNgLoyUN “puy “41 WoAZ JOUT}STp eyinb st ‘yp “oy Jo yeutsiz0 07} ‘toto oy} yng { (TY “Vyooy=) “MOG “uwnawse1 8B UOT AT[ensn TOYS OY} SI VT “ST j Setoeds yuetoyrp Oy OG 0} Jno UINy Koy. pue ‘ow oxogoq Mou ore JT PUL QT ‘Soy sly orp Aqromog yor wo.1y s[poys penjor on} ‘sedAy oyy our quo] sey om ‘AoTUBTT “TJ JO SHOTIPULY OY} ToNo1yy ‘MON ‘S[[OYS S,.cUrUIMs) Fo 9UO WOT, ST OT ‘Sy $27 ‘Sy st os ‘momoeTjoo sAcTuBPT “APA UL [TES B WOTF WABIp ST ‘yxeq dy} UISN slo} oy SV ‘QT “Sty ‘19y}0 OY} UO “JT PU OT ‘s8y sty puv ‘puvy oo oy} Uo ‘QT “oY SITY Usomyod AyLIE[IUTISSIp eTyeytvaror ay} TILA FONTS 4 0} [LBy JOUULD wHAWndaL NY RMA JO SEINSY g Aqromog sourmexe oy ovo Lue yng “ySnous opdunts oq pynoad coyqvur oy “TTP e1ew SIT J] ‘o]qVUayUN uoTpUYstp oy} stoptiea podvpdsrp oxoy} suotuTdeds SNOIOTUNU OY} JO WONVUIMIEXS [NFoIvd B Inq “UMesN yp YS} oY} Ul JOULSTP qdex ore soroeds ogy, ‘“(e sy ‘pl d “wuneypetaQ “It “TOA ‘redumprqqy ‘Tz 4 ‘Spel ‘ZoNereN IMF agosto, ‘tddipryg) wooy snbope4 wos laquysthSaysrpun eymb st (gy ‘ZT ‘OT ‘s8y OG “d “wmnnyp2l4 “TE TOA “VtOTI9) » ‘KqIoMOG) snaumoat snbvja4 8B UOALe AT[BUSH TOYS oy, + fein kk Rees a SS Ee ae
‘soroods ommes oy} oq 0} AToxI] ATprey st quesoad oy} ‘vgouco weiseAvyso(y oy} JO AqITVOOT ona, OY} 9 SOLPUT 280 AA oy} JT ‘WOYeoyIUepr sty} Jo ssoujoos
-109 of} OUIWMeXe 0} 9[GQB Used JOU eABY J *SOIPUT “AA “TI8t OG-OT forerjont |***° °° *ysaqr “eyeuto "Baum MON |'TICF OG-OT ‘ wouutoeds oug |***~** spuzr ‘suvolul —— [-uedur ‘etuopeyeQ MON “BooeTeT) “eulyO * ‘qT OS-OT {exer | speagr “eqesnaz09 stzoqdtty,
‘saeat00 oq ATqtssod Avut
Jaoryeoytzuept eo} yey} st Aes uo ouO IIB
|yeq3 WoYyTpuoo peq Yous ut st wettoeds oY, ‘mpooury 110g ‘metmutoeds eu { ar0yg |****** “mogy onte, tanty91Ep | [7e72@N | ‘omvd $eroyg|**** ‘aog “ejovryMOd BUT[OL/) ST
' Teqne “yyezo[-g {yuenberg |**** ‘mogy ‘snArnoet | ——
Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca
46
qvy} OpNpouod 07 pay we 7] ‘e1eqAosTo pues ‘SU “GLIGE oY} UI yons se poytyuepr sTpeys
oy} JO ospe pue ‘suondriosep aAtjoodsor [-yeyeN ‘erpeqysny Tey} FO uoreurMexe [nyervo AoA vB wor |A'N ‘ueder “esomso0g ‘uoqanog | ‘a10}
peyou souvreedde urepeorod ystmnyq ety Ajjoexo Suryuoserd ‘snaneseyy, , 8 Aqtomog Ud SUlTeq ‘aquaospsau ,, 0} pue “reg ‘suaosplauio poyTeqeyT ‘“snuyT “JMq eq} UL ST[OYS 97} 0} spuodset100 47 + “peystuy exout YOnUI efoOYA v SV TEYS ey} pus oyv10qBIa 910UL He SI einjdqnos oy} Yor ut “out -peoeid oy} Jo Ayortea @ ATuO st soroeds sty, COS DS
"QUO SUOT4S B JOU ST 9889 STY 4VY} SNOTAQO st 41 ,‘paywouoye pus Lopes e10U,, SI setoeds zong oy} 4eq} ST AOA styy Fo yxoddns ur preaioy suliq Wed ay soueragip ATwo oT} sous ynq { setoeds ZING oy} JO ssouzoUtsIp oy} sproy (QeT “d ‘OSSOY “AVI [OP “OVTRIAL) [Oss] “papper 10 NOMWOD peT[VO aq 4 ToyJoyM ‘nyauaug IO}VA-YSTYORIG UWvouVIIe}Ipeyy uoULUToD oy} TAs Twouepr omw “yor WW “jog Aq “pnoywmg se peqiiosep ‘sTTeys yueserd oT} yey} st ‘taAemoy ‘eourytodurt Jo yutod ey, ‘OS SI JI 4G} Sutavtpeq ur Aytofear ey} FO AOCM) Oye ay [Pou OLEUE If $ OSSTY ‘ pyoynuunu yt snouduouds st“aureq | [ydAony 07 oouvry "g Woy “UROTRI ‘pomoo JoyjOyM OF se JoyIp suotutdg |-toypeyy] ynH ueisieq “veg por
‘spurpy ‘sun?
NUP YIM yeoyuept stvodde soioeds ey], [-‘woqanog | [‘yepAqm] “veg Baro ‘TwolyTept oq 0} stvedde “(got ‘d [ ‘woq
‘TOIUNary Op eB][,J ep ‘Youog) ‘ysoqy ‘vsow.wog |-tnoq] “puvjery MeN “ST TPOIApuRS
"SY IBULOY “MOTINGITIST(]
‘yuonbaiy ! 1eyea. MOTT
‘aL0ys WO JUBpUNngy
‘g1048 WO JUepuNnqy
[ ‘suatmtoeds nog | "UPJ OS-OT f OBI JON
“WyeE OS-OL | erBY
"TOTYBIG
‘Lusog ‘snyeotns= } ‘ysaqr ‘SNTNOTACIG STxBUeT
. . sees ee ewe ‘dg | | | ‘Lossy ‘eyeymouent) yout
§ Hog “wpneypreg eypeuertg |
‘sag “eyeyNUeloy —— | ‘anon § ‘py ‘eyeynueis ——
“* snug “eaqua stroqdrry,
TIP4S
vn
47
obtained in the Gulf of Suez.
Sg em RE Ps a a ee
jessy Aq WOALS T[EYs OURS OY} oq SNOT SIT,
“TIOM TONUL [[@ ‘4stxe suemttoeds verqy A[UQ ‘suzy “IN ey} ut st ody og} pus ‘WIIG "YW “A “AIT Aq sngo.ysojound ‘gi ut peweu Aysurp -10008 90 sTjeys juesatd ey, “eIs00 ‘ongnaut) MOMMULOD oT} TIIM [vol}UEpt “TfEys
UVIPUT JSo AA B STSUUUpYW “W JO sngowroons ‘q ‘peytun sou ‘vynynpun pure nyopns ‘seroeds omg jo mouy ATuo “(ye -d “xt ‘Elst “WN
pue ‘y) yno pezurod sey qyrurg se ‘yorvute’T
‘eM0 04 efqionper sv soroeds pouory -Uel-9A0qe esey} [Te ‘op ] sv ‘paprcor ey yey} curmoys ATurezd ‘soroeds zong uout -ul0o9 ay} sv ATWO sngvojns spxooer (QQT “d ‘GOST “YOuOH ep “UIMofF) JUBTTVA pLTA ‘snaswih yim ahubrany sutdyyuept ‘4sSIT BIQ-pey SIT UL snumayuayy pue snaseib ATWO SEALS [SST IVY} pooy0U aq [ILM 4] ‘asessed Asva UB UWILO} OU eTOJeq sueut -roeds oq} JO omos FOIyA 09 ‘YYpeerq AIO; -1un etout jo Ayor1ea B ‘TITUTG ‘v.udsess.10 Ajqeqord pue “ayq ‘snumayuayy “o01g ‘snaswih exe stduiouds “uejrodumt ssey ynq ‘Tey}IN ‘“WoVtopod (F) ‘eovjans Jo ssou -Y.snor 10 ssouq}oours (@) ‘seAoors jo ah -unu (Zz) ‘seAoors 043 Jo yAdop (T) Jo yUI0 ut Ajword sommva sotoeds oy} yey} sos suewoeds Auem jo uorjvulMexXe ue }eq} Avs Ajdunts T]IM ynq ‘yoolqns oy} uo ots -SHOSIP B OJUT 10309 0} o10y oovds Ou OAR I ‘wog ‘snznojns poynqriystp-Ajepra pues MWOMLUIOD OY} JO SOT}ELIVA o1OU o1e “YSECT “huhriany pure ‘ysocy ‘snpnonag ‘wor 4304 abhi
@eeree ete cee or seve
[‘sves BuLyy |
‘peep ‘oawt {1e7eVm MOT |pP “P ‘snqoutoons
‘quonbory |'** * “woz ‘eonte snyeute A
‘HT CILENU A
‘| yquuy ‘snqetysojzound |
‘Lev
00g | ‘wor ‘snesits ‘[wwog ‘snqzeo
‘qguonboday {eye MOTT |-[ns = ]'ysaq‘tAuctAeg
eer eee coe eee
Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca
48
‘suotmtoeds ssoytnojoo puv ounoX ArT9A ore Osoy} OIA Jo “uaryy ‘vsopn.10g Jo tA -ouds O10 B SI 4T poyIyuept ATJOeIL00 e18 ST[OYS eset} JI ynq ‘ soroeds OY} AoUyY JOU Op T
‘NS0)NLO7Z JO SUETATOAdS PoTITRyS O18
STOYS oy} {[VUIpNyLSUOT arI4s ory ‘TOONS
aI SqIt oy} vynynununy ur Scmey} uodn
pue udeMyoq MIIjS OSIOASURI] OT] TTA Yonod otvsqitoyy : vpuvjnununy you ATare,10—9
‘moljsonb ory
9]}798 0} eTGe Teeq you eAvy yng “ueT ‘ngnonsig= “ueryy ‘vsojn1og yey) yoodsns T
ere oeoeeroeoe se otoe
penne -uopr Ayysre yur 7 mq “eqs cunok vy
‘sourddrry | sourddrr |
[soutddrpryg ‘suoysuozy Svooryeyy | (VISoTOyou , of} UL It poy -IJUEPI jou svy erooyy = “ABs yOuTRO | SIq} jo wiuouds vB si “pny “punwor 1yyoy MA : "MOG ‘seswaosopmu ale s{jeys ey, apace eS Tae: ‘TOLVOYL}UEPT sty} JO SsoU}OOIIOD OY} ooJUVIeN.S 07 9[qB Jou We T “Avs 0} eTqvun we T ‘[voryuopt ere soroeds omy 0Y} LoqJOYM IO “ooLI0D st MOTyROyTUEpT yorym {'yonory ‘sngadour srquopnduay se
eoeoereseos ee eo eae
“SYLVULOY "MOTINGLUYST
"B9G poy |-uoo prq ut ‘suouttoeds omy |'wary
‘anaauy ‘commons Ape |. ‘py “eye~norpeues4 ——
‘[ wary “esopnt ‘suoumtoods OMT, |-03] ‘pr ‘AT “Bq[ex
‘L-uaryy “esopn.104 |
: OY ‘eqenmMey =——
“T}EF OS-GI UE oteA JON | ‘Waxy “esoTN104 BTToYAINY,
‘W CITIALIWUD,
[-uotatoeds ou | | ‘Lasvay “eye4s000]]ru1 ] ——
[-sunod ‘touttoeds aug] |'*"* — “aagy “eqRT[NG~. —— [-‘suommtoeds omy, | "°°" ++ “aogy “eth[~ —— “yuonboay AToyetopoy, |' °° * “ogy “eyvoTnoe. 4 ——
‘[‘aog ‘ststte0.10p ‘suotatoods ueAeg |-ULUL) ‘pnp “Ipxeutor
‘suoumtoeds OMY, |" * ‘pnp “lowssniay vlavpeog
‘HAILAV'IVOG
UOT}R1G TEAS
49
obtained in the Gulf of Suez.
‘6
UNLISNDY DPA, “JX qanystp oy Azid v
sdeyazed st 41 “payst[quqse 19}30q 94} euT0Deq
SUI OUIVE 1949R] OYy se NET ‘CERT UL vM«
OULD PUe “TFRT UL Peqrtosop svar 41 SB
‘Aqttorad oy} eavy sqysta Mq pmnoys oueu
oy ‘(veg pay oy} wo osTe) ‘poexy
‘pjox YjIA Jeoryuspr sev ‘oavary ‘np«
“OULU Plecet T ‘suouttoeds Ay IOAO
‘oyuoyy § ‘apuajounbuns poyjaqry Aojeq
STTPYS otf} YyIM ‘oureq ote ‘MoT09T[00 ayy ‘| aaaagy |
ar poqueserder ATasaey AoA st sotoods sry, PRRs Gosh ga ‘yuonbery ‘aeyem mort | ‘yoar ‘eyRa0WAeUT
“SULIMOTOD JUALEBIpP yey
-oulos pue ortds poster At0A B 1QTA\ AjOITBA
poyTVUr-TjoM ev sv sould 971 oey OsTR plnoys
‘eavary “vurbnajo A{qeqorg “eyjewanyjoo ey}
SUIVSV VEY TOOLS OY} Jo ToJOVIVYD OT
UL pur ‘T3097 ey} Jo MoTIsod pur ‘requinu
‘edvys ory ‘Suryrvm oft pue yoryq poydna
-19}UL O1Stloyovtygo oy} ut ATIvpnoyced
‘soInyeoy [BLoMed Tey} UL sede [Le sotoods
pe][B9-0s esoyy ‘sqrt Jo ssauynoys pur ‘eatds
JO WoyvAsye “uoTyexojoo se sjutod xoutcE
{Ons Ur toyjOUY oO WHOA SULIOPICE “ry 00.17
-$2/ T}LM Tvorjuopt rveddy Tye Aoyy ‘Aoqyacn yy
‘621d SPST pur ‘ord TFeq ‘oumertorany
‘20G "JOOZ “Ae oy} UT poqidosep [je pur
‘SOLpuy “Gf OY} Wory [Te “poory ‘oumpew pure
“poor ‘vsobn.iwuas “Toor ‘nucojsoshya “ [Oo
‘punoyINy aT pure sotoeds styy weeayeq LZ ‘omysty |
soueeyiIp pyvaA ou ou o} savedde o1zoqy, [Teen ‘sourddipiyg] ‘veg poy “TOYVM MOTT [uray ‘topoortpenb —— ‘uepy 7 ATwowUIOD osTe sin900
yorya ‘edAz yg Jo wrtoy yyems v Ayorour
are qnq ‘Ajorea 4vy} 0} woAe puodser109
jou op ‘teAsmoy ‘sTfeys yuesead oyy, “T aes,
‘oyyod Jo Aporxrea peytvul-ToM B ynq SuUryy [even ‘erpeaysiny [awa ory “qty
Aue sv “poy ‘nyduny pavdox youu J | ‘oxodeSurg ‘uopy| ‘sourddyryg ‘IOYVM MOT f erVI JON |-od | ‘aaar ‘trqduanyy, eye Ny
“a CILIUAN
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol, xvi.
Testaceous Mollusca obtained in the Gulf of Suez.
50
mAtouds B st “Ayu fy ‘vunrg.Laanog “‘punibuney WIA you nq ‘sypiled YY apPNAT SOGTUOPT OL ¢ VU uns wuud,, oq OF ‘edomoy ‘41 SUTyITUE «pe ‘sypaid wory JouNsIp I sdeoy toysn-y GIP ‘d “YEBT *X ‘seouspog sep ‘TIMq “4 ul Suey Aq sypeua JO “IBA B SB peqtios -op Ayjeursiio sem pue ‘uuouds & st
‘(TPS ‘ANQ 20g "1007, "AexT) "Tooy ‘umwbumer ‘SULLOF O}BIPOULIAZUI oT} JO doy oy} Woy}TM sotoeds ous oY} sv poztu -Sooad 9q OU prnom puv ‘e[jeuNJoo eT} TO sny[vo Suors vB WII ‘yory} AL-ouTpeed -xo ore sueutoeds po Aqoa optya ‘paqqtt Aydxeys pue urqy ety sunoX oy} ¢ u0rzE4s Tey} 0} Surproooe ssoTJquop ‘ainyxXe} Ut Ajepra aeyip [ywapoumbuns + vyp.couore | seroeds e[qvuea Area sty} Jo suouttoodg ‘TILoy pomngdqnes reyjoq pue pernojod zoyqsirq @ Aydunis st qt ‘soroeds curpooead
oy} wodg ATTeYUEsse SuTLeyIp yoodsea ou uy ‘snomAuouds sivedde ‘veg poy ey} Wor os[e ‘eAvotyT
——
“SVU,
[‘pentityu09 aq oy, |
[40.4 edey ‘uosyour ytog] “JID UeIsIog» | wae 0G-0G “uenbeazun yoy | ‘svhup “Vuuttoyornd
OCC ir er et ee ST
é umnop [yg semtog, ‘sourddyryg | |guenbory f yyez eg 07 e10yG |-AF ‘“YoTTMegq vrpsvaetg
_————<—$ $$
‘[aaaaiy “ey8acountvur = | ‘gied you f1dyVa Mory layevazpy “ey MeTOUINCURs ByLLA Ny
bbe oto bbe tb bo bo tb
a a ne | pe — ane
“MONG LST LORS TENS
Mr. A. G. Butler on Doratopteryx of Rogenhofer. 51
V.—On. Doratopteryx of Rogenhofer, a Genus of Moths allied to Himantopterus. By ArtHurG. BUTLER, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., &e.
In my recent description of a new genus—Pedoptila, allied to Himantopterus—I referred (pp. 840 and 342) to a moth from Zanzibar identified many years since by Herr A. Rogenhofer as a [Himantopterus, of which, however, no description appeared to have been published.
Herr Rogenhofer has kindly forwarded to me a separate copy of ashort paper, published last year in the ‘ Sitzungsberichten der k. k. zoolog.-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien’ (vol. XXxiil.), in which a description of this moth appears, a new genus, Doratopteryx, being erected for its reception. Although, as I expected, this moth comes nearer to Pedoptila than to - Himantopterus, it must stand as a distinct genus between these two.
Doratopteryx, as figured and described by Herr Rogenhofer, differs from Pedoptila as follows :—
Doratopteryx.
Expanse of wings 17 millim.
Secondaries 17 millim.
Costal and subcostal veins of pri- maries well separated.
Subcostal branches separate at their origins.
Lower radial and third median well separated at their origins,
Pedoptila.
Expanse of wings 23 millim.
Secondaries 183 millim.
Costal and subcostal veins of pri- maries lying close together.
Subcostal branches emitted from a short footstalk.
Lower radial and third median from the same point.
Secondaries with three veins.
Secondaries with two veins.
_ These characters are all easily seen; but others are indi- - cated which have rather a specific than a generic value, such as the form of the outer margin of the primaries, which in Doratopteryx is slightly sinuous (geschwungen), whereas in Pedoptila it is regularly arched, the slightly shorter inner margin of these wings in the former genus and the different coloration, the type of Doratopteryx having the wings smoky brown, with the basal area golden yellow, whereas Pedoptila is grey, with the base bright russet reddish.
One difference which appears in the two figures is due to an injury to the type of Pedoptila. In Doratopteryx the first subcostal branch forks into two towards the apex ; this has, however, clearly been the case with Pedoptila, only the apical portion of both primaries in Mr. Swanzy’s specimen is broken
59, Mr. A. G. Butler on the Blue-belted Species
away, so that only the commencement of the fork is visible on one side with the help of a lens.
I cannot at all agree with Herr Rogenhofer in his view that these genera should be placed near to Procris; the entire structure is, in my opinion, that of the Chalcosiide, and, indeed, we have an unnamed genus in the Museum, unfortu- nately without any indication of locality, which is distinctly - intermediate between Pedoptila and Agalope, being almost of the form of the latter ; but not at all widely differing from the former in neuration, excepting that there are several cross-veins (three on one side and four on the other) uniting the costal vein of primaries to the costal margin, and that the subcostal vein has the normal number (five) of branches.
Mr. M‘Lachlan, who examined the type of Himantopterus and described its structure in the Belgian ‘ Entomological Annals’ for 1877, kindly forwarded to me his very careful sketches; I, however, failed to note in his sketch of the hind wings the discocellular vein of his description :— Hl n’existe pas de réticulation transversale, excepté une seule veinule discoidale.” I regard the presence of this veinlet as most important, since it proves the existence, in however rudimentary a condition they may be, of the subcostal and median veins, neither of which are, however, represented in the published figures or even referred to.
In my figure of Pedoptila I see that the engraver has trans- posed the numbers 7, thus giving the impression that the moth is twice the size of the woodeut. I failed to note this error on the proof of the cut.
VI.— On the Blue-belted Species of the Butierfly-genus Prothoé. By Arruur G. Butter, F.L.8., F.Z.8., &e.
THE genus Prothoé has hitherto been supposed to contain only one blue-belted species, Prothoé Franck (subsequently corrected to Franckiz) of Godart’s ‘ Encyclopédie.’
Prothoé Franckit was described in 1819 from a single male specimen received from Java; the diagnosis at the head of the description runs as follows :—
““ Nym. alis subcaudatis, supra nigris: anticis fascia obliqua alba azureo marginata : posticis subtus basi fusco inscriptis apice virescenti pulverulentis.” ‘
Hiibner, in his ‘Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge,’ vol. ii, gives an admirable figure of the male, and Hewitson,
of the Butterfly-genus Prothoé. 53
in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ a very fair figure of the female.
In the museum collection there are four examples of the Javan species, two males and two females, collected by Dr. Horsfield; a fifth specimen, without locality-label, stands in the Hewitson collection as the female of an allied species, although it is im fact a male.
In 1854 the museum purchased a specimen of a Prothoé in a mixed collection of insects from various localities, but bearing no definite indication as to whence it came ; itis likely enough to be the missing Malacca form which Mr. Distant quotes on the authority of Wallace. This local form or species stood in the museum for many years as the supposed male of Prothoé Franckii; and consequently when, in 1867, and again in 1882, we received specimens of a third species from Borneo and Tenasserim, I for the time believed them to represent an interesting variety of the male approaching the female in coloration ; in the Hewitson collection are three examples of the same form, evidently regarded by him as males of P. Franckw (though the first in the series is a female).
In a collection received in 1880 from Dr. George Watt and made by him in Manipur, was a male specimen of a fourth species perfectly distinct from the three previously received ; this species will be described in full in a paper giving an account of Dr. Watt’s collection.
The four species may be separated as follows :—
a. Primaries above with the oblique belt moderately
broad (more so in the male than the female), cobalt-blue,
intersected by a broad white band; apical area of secon-
daries purplish brown ; prevalent colouring on external area
OmMseCOndaTies, HCLOW, BTCV s/c. sie ves slam depen eloure ties P. Franckii. b. Oblique belt of primaries shining azure or greenish,
with a series of irregular white dashes to represent the
central belt; apical area of secondaries purplish black ;
prevalent colouring on external area of secondaries below
MLS GROOM» 5 ale ore oH NETO Hoc. Lo SUI CSe OGmInEe TS bmeG P. angelica. ¢. Oblique belt of primaries without white band or
spots, excepting upon the costal border; apical area and
external border of secondaries chocolate-brown. ce. 1. Oblique belt moderately broad, greenish blue; secon-
daries elongated, asin P. Franckit, with well-marked caudal
appendage, apical markings white with bluish borders; pre-
valent colouring on external area of secondaries pinky
greyish ........ Sune. ea bird. bin ais St lon | oat es a P. uniforms. c. 2. Oblique belt very broad, covering nearly half the
wing, three spots of the same colour at centre of external
border, only separated from the belt by a blackish submar-
ginal stripe ; secondaries decidedly shorter and less caudate,
apical markings blue; prevalent colouring on external area
greyish oliyaceous, black and green...........0:..0.+0% P. regalis.
54 Mr. S. H. Seudder on Mesozoic Cockroaches.
Of the above species P. Franckii, in spite of its conspicuous white band, is almost the dullest ; the male is a little brighter in colouring than the female, and has a slightly narrower white band across the primaries, but does not otherwise differ. It comes only from Java (five examples).
Even more dull in colour is P. uniformis, and the absence of the white band makes it appear more sombre than it really is. It differs in many respects from P. Franckii, the greater portion of the outer edge of the blue belt being occupied by a long shallow sinus instead of being acutely zigzag; some of the markings on the under surface are also confluent and the discoidal spots are clearer in outline. I can only guess at the probable habitat, as at present we only possess one male.
P. angelica is the brightest of all, the female being slightly less so than the male; the blue belt is sometimes a little wider than in P. Franckii and its outer edge is much less zigzag ; it has white dashes on the belt in both sexes; the markings below are very similar, but the ground-colour is noticeably different. It occurs in Tenasserim, Borneo, and Sumatra (five examples).
P. regalis is duller in colouring than the preceding, and corresponds with P. wniformis in the absence of white on the blue belt ; it, however, differs from the three preceding species in the great width of the blue belt, the blue marginal spots on the primaries, the shorter and less caudate secondaries, the cruciform character of the black submarginal markings on under surface of primaries, the filled-in discoidal markings ~ on all the wings, the inner half of external area of secondaries below being greyish olivaceous crossed by oblong black patches with reddish external borders, the shorter green and black submarginal arched spots, and several other characters to be described hereafter. I have only seen one male of this very distinct species, from Manipur.
VII.—Notes on Mesozoic Cockroaches. By Samvuet H. ScuppEr*.
J. Pterinoblattina, a remarkable Type of Paleoblattarie.
Among the many fossil cockroaches figured by Westwood thirty years ago was one which Giebel afterwards named Blatta pluma, on account of the resemblance of its neuration to the barbs of a feather, where the shaft is on one side. Several species are now known, and on account of this curious arrangement of the veins, the generic name
* From the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad, 1885, pp. 105-115,
Ct ox
Mr. S. H. Scudder on Mesozote Cockroaches.
PTERINOBLATTINA (aréptvos)
is proposed. The wings were very broad, expanding con- siderably beyond the base, broadest beyond the middle, and filled with an abundance of branching veins. The mediastinal, scapular, and externomedian veins ran close together, side by side, in a perfectly straight course (the shaft of the feather), from near the middle of the base of the wing toward and nearly to a point on the costal margin a little within the apex of the wing, and the superior mediastinal and inferior externomedian branches, crowded closely together, parted from this appa- rently common stem at nearly similar angles on either side of it. ‘The complete independence of the mediastinal, scapular, and externomedian veins shows that the genus falls in the Paleoblattarie. The species are all small.
Pterinoblattina pluma.
Blatia pluma, Gieb. Ins. der Vorw. p. 322. Figured by Westw. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. x. pl. xv. fig. 14f.
The specimen, the original of which I have had the privi- lege of studying, by the favour of my kind friend, the Rev. P. B. Brodie, is rather imperfect, and a little deceptive from the fact that just that portion of the tip is missing which con- tains the scapular branches ; it is probable, however, from the longitudinal character of the apical externomedian offshoots, that the species more closely resembles P. chrysea than P. éntermixta. All the mediastinal branches are simple, parallel, equidistant, almest straight, closely. crowded, and part from the main stem at an angle of about 45°. The externomedian branches, the only others preserved, part at a less angle, gradu- ally become quite horizontal apically, are nearly as close at base as the scapular branches, and as most of them fork and even refork, though with entire irregularity, become exces- sively crowded towards the margin. ‘The length of the frag- ment is 9 millim., its breadth 5 millim. Probably the wing was 12 millim. long, and 5°5 millim. broad.
It was found in the Corbula or Pecten beds of the Dorset Purbecks of England.
Pterinoblattina penna, sp. nov.
The single specimen of this species at hand is preserved in much the same manner as the last, but shows a fragment of the internomedian region. ‘The three principal veins approach each other very gradually, so as to give them the appearance of a tapering rod. The mediastinal branches part from the stem at nearly a right angle near the base of the wing, gradu-
56 My. S. H. Scudder on Mesozoic Cockroaches.
ally increasing in obliquity distally until they form an angle of 45° with it; they are slightly curved, the concavity out- ward, very closely crowded, and about every third one forked near the middle, but with no regularity. The scapular branches are not preserved, but as in P. pluma, and for the same reason, they probably resemble P. chrysea rather than P. intermixta. The externomedian branches are very closely crowded, generally straight, part from the stem at an angle of 45° next the base, and become almost wholly longitudinal at the apex; they fork about as frequently as, and more irre- gularly than, the mediastinal branches. The internomedian area extends far out on the wing, and its branches (what few can be seen) resemble those of the preceding area, and at its extremity are parallel to them. Length of fragment 13 millim., width 9 millim. ; probable length of wing 15 millim., probable width 9 millim.
Described from a specimen from the English Purbecks ‘sent me for examination by Rev. P. B. Brodie.
It is not impossible that the fragment of a larger wing figured by Westwood (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. 1854, pl. xvii. fig. 7), from the Lower Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay, may be a species very close to this.
Pterinoblattina chrysea.
Blattina chrysea, K. Geinitz, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch. 1880, p. 520, pl. xxxil. fig. 2.
In this case we have a more perfect wing, the tip being almost completely preserved. ‘The mediastinal vein termi- nates before the middle of the outer half of the costal border, and is furnished with simple, straight, oblique branches, not so numerous as in the other species, to judge by the figure, though they are spoken of by Geinitz as “ very numerous and closely crowded.” Just before the scapular reaches the tip of the mediastinal, it turns parallel to the costal margin, runs to the upper tip of the wing, and emits branches similar to those of the mediastinal, but of course of equal length. All the externomedian branches run almost longitudinally, are straight, sometimes forked, and appear from the figure to be less crowded than the mediastinal branches, though they are compared by Geinitz to the barbs of a feather. The interno- median runs to just beyond the broadest part of the wing, being thus longer than the mediastinal, and sends less crowded, gently curved, usually forked, rather short branches to the border. ‘The few anal branches curve and strike the inner margin. Length 5 millim., breadth about 2°25 millim,
Mr. S. H. Scudder on Mesozote Cockroaches. Sil
From the Lias of Dobbertin, Germany. The description is drawn up from the data given by Geinitz.
Pterinoblattina intermixta, sp. nov.
A nearly complete wing of this species has almost the same shape as P. chrysea, but the upper part of the apex is more produced. The mediastinal vein terminates before the middle of the outer half of the wing, and the area narrows more gradually than in any of the others; its branches are gently curved, and often forked, but not excessively crowded. Just before reaching the tip of the mediastinal the scapular vein suddenly bends towards the apex, running subparallel to, but away from, the costal margin, terminating at the tip and
emitting a crowd of curved and forked branches, The closely
crowded externomedian branches part at an angle of 45° with the stem, are straight, and forked only just before the tip, forming a tolerably regular belt of crowded veinlets along the margin. The basal branches, however, are interfered with and affected by the internomedian vein, which is nearly straight, at first running plump against the externomedian branches, curves then downward parallel to these, and termi- nates a little before the mediastinal; it is furnished abun- dantly with branches curving like its extremity and branching next the border like the externomedian branches; but where it abuts against these latter they simulate the appearance of ihe internomedian branches so as to appear as if a part of the internomedian area, and thus give the latter the appearance of extending out beyond the broadest part of the wing. The anal appears to be insignificant, reaching less than a third the distance from the base, and resembling a narrower and smaller internomedian area. Length of fragment 10°5 millim., pro- bable length of wing 12 millim.
Received from Rev. P. B. Brodie, as coming from the Upper Lias of Alderton, Gloucestershire, England.
Pierinoblattina hospes.
Ricania hospes, Germ. Acta Acad. Leop. Carol. xix. pp. 220, 221, pl. xxii. fig. 18. : Germar took this for one of the Fulgorina, in the neigh- - bourhood of Ricania and Peciloptera. It is pretty plain, how- ever, that it belongs here, though the figure given by Germar is not sufficiently clear to enable one to formulate any charac- teristics. Assmann thought it a Neuropteron, falling in the neighbourhood of Drepanopteryz. It comes from the Oolite of Solenhofen.
58 Mr. 8. H. Scudder on Mesozoic Cockroaches.
Pterinoblattina gigas. Ricania gigas, Weyenb. Arch. Mus. Teyl. ii. pp. 270, 271, pl. xxxv.
fig, 23.
Following Germar, Weyenbergh placed this enormous species in ftcania; but it as evidently falls here and bears a close general resemblance, excepting in size, to P. penna of the Purbecks. Ricania fulgens, Gieb. (Brodie, pl. iv. fig. 12), from the Vale of Wardour, has nothing to do with Pterino- blattina.
This gigantic form also comes from the Oolite of Solenhofen.
Il. Triassic Blattarice from Colorado.
In a recent paper I described some of the Triassic Palzeo- blattariz, which I mentioned as interesting on account of their special relation to the Blattarizee of the same formation. Brief diagnoses of these latter forms will therefore have some interest, and I mention them in the order of their relation to the Paleoblattarie.
NEORTHROBLATTINA (véos, dpOpus), gen. nov.
In this genus the wings are about two and a half times longer than broad, with fairly well-rounded apices, the medi- astinal and scapular veins amalgamated into a single vein, which extends nearly to the tip, and in the middle of the wing occupies nearly one kalf its width. The internomedian vein is of varying importance, and in the large anal area the veinlets terminate on the margin ; the anal furrow is strongly arcuate and deeply impressed.
Neorthroblattina albolineata, sp. nov.
The single wing has lost the tip, but all the essential fea- tures are preserved excepting the form of the tip. The wing is very dark-coloured, and the veins appear as very pale lines upon it. The costal margin is gently and equably arched, while the inner margin is perfectly straight. The externo- median vein is little developed, first forking, and then not widely, in the middle of the wing, its fuller development being prevented by the ample and unrestricted development of the internomedian vein, which runs in a full rounded course nearly to the tip of the wing. The anal area is interesting because the veins of the upper half run close to, but do not impinge upon, the anal furrow, curving downward just before reaching it, and either running into the next vein below and terminating there, or continuing parallel to the furrow and terminating on the inner border. Length of fragment 7
Mr. S. H. Scudder on Mesozote Cockroaches. 59
millim. ; probable length of wing 9 millim. ; breadth of wing 3°5 millim. Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado.
Neorthroblattina Lakes, sp. nov.
Several specimens of this species were found. The costal margin is arched, as in the last species, and the inner margin has an almost equal opposite curvature. The externomedian vein has a very sinuous course, and forks before the middle of the wing with abundant neuration, occupying on the mar- gin the entire tip of the wing and almost the outer half of the lower margin, while the internomedian is reduced to an arching vein, extending but little beyond the anal furrow, and with only two or three branches ; the anal veins are all parallel to the anal furrow and simple. Length of wing 9 millim. ; breadth 3°5 millim.
Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado.
This species is named after Prof. Arthur Lakes, of the School of Mines in Golden, Colorado, who first made known these beds, this species being one of the first discovered by him.
Neorthroblattina rotundata, sp. nov.
The costal margin in this species is very strongly arched, while the inner margin is straight, giving a very different aspect tothe wing. It closely resembles the preceding species in the mediastmo-scapular and anal areas, and also in the peculiarities of the externomedian vein, excepting that the latter does not encroach to so large a degree upon the interno- median, the terminal offshoot of which creeps along the border so as to limit the marginal extent of the externomedian area almost as much below as above, although the branching of the externomedian vein is scarcely lessened. Length of wing 8°5 millim.; breadth 3°3 millim.
Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado.
Neorthroblattina attenuata, sp. nov.
This species departs from the typical forms in its slender- ness and pointed apex, but it agrees so fairly in general structure that it would best be placed here. The costal margin is not regularly arched, being flattened mesially, while the whole wing tapers beyond the basal third; the inner margin is also arcuate, and the tip bluntly pointed. The mediastino-scapular vein terminates considerably before the apex, and the oppositely arcuate internomedian reaches
60 Mr. 8S. H. Scudder on Mesozoic Cockroaches.
almost as far out, the branches of both nearly always simple. The anal veins are only slightly irregular. Length of wing 15 millim.; breadth 4 millim.
Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado.
SCUTINOBLATTINA (cKUTUVOS), gen. Nov.
In this genus, composed of small species, the front wings are decidedly more coriaceous than the hind wings, so that the neuration is often more or less obscured by it. The wing itself is convex, as in the modern Phoraspis, and subtriangular in form, its greatest width being near the base, while the tip is bluntly pointed. ‘The mediastinal and scapular veins are again blended into one, which, instead of having a sinuous course, 1s nearly or quite straight, and terminates below the apex of the wing, while the externomedian vein follows closely parallel to it, and the oblique veins of this and the internomedian veins follow each other so as to make it diffi- cult to tell where the line of demarcation may lie. The anal veins sometimes fall on the margin and sometimes on the anal furrow.
Scutinoblattina Brongniarti, sp. nov.
In this interesting species the wings are very strongly convex at the base and the whole surface is flecked with dark spots. The branches part from the main veins at a similar angle on either side of the middle of the wing. The anal area extends nearly to the middle of the wing, where it is marked by a considerable emargination, and its veins are frequent, oblique, mostly simple, and terminate on the margin. Length of wing 7 millim. ; breadth 3 millim.
Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado.
Named after Mr. Charles Brongniart, of Paris, well known for his remarkable discoveries among the older fossil insects.
Scutinoblattina intermedia, sp. nov.
This species resembles the last, but is not marked by any dots, and the anal area, while shorter, shows no emargination of the border at its extremity ; the anal veins are very close, parallel to the inner margin, and terminate not on the margin, but on theanal furrow. It further differs in that the externo- median branches are considerably more longitudinal than those terminating on the costal margin. Length of wing 7 millim.; breadth 2°75 millim.
Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado.
>
Mr. 8. H. Scudder on Mesozote Cockroaches. 61
Scutinoblattina recta, Sp. Nov.
This species, the smallest and most abundant of all in the Triassic rocks, is rather slenderer than the others, and has the surface finely reticulated. The mediastino-scapular and externomedian veins run side by side in perfectly straight lines from the middle of the base to the middle of the tip, the branches, very few in number, parting similarly on the two sides. ‘The costal is more arched than the inner margin, and where they can be made out the one or two anal veins seem to run to the margin; but all the veins on the wing are exceedingly obscure. Length of wing 6:3 millim.; breadth 2-4 millim,
Triassic beds near Fairplay, Colorado.
III. On the Genera hitherto proposed for Mesozoic Blattarie.
Brodie, in 1845, published figures of a considerable number of Mesozoic cockroaches, but named only one, which he referred to the genus Blatta. In 1852 Heer figured and named another under the equally broad generic name Blat- tina. Westwood, in publishing in 1854 a considerable addition to our knowledge of the cockroaches of the English Mesozoic rocks, separated four somewhat peculiar forms under
the generic term Blattidiwm ; the rest were unnamed. Giebel,
two years later, named a considerable proportion of Brodie’s and Westwood’s species ; while placing a considerable num- ber under Blatta and Blatiina, he divided the rest under three new genera—livthma, Hlisama, and Nethania—the last in- cluding the only one of Westwood’s species of Blattidium which was noticed. On the other hand, Heer, in 1864, divided all the Mesozoic species between Blattina and Blat- tidium, placing in the latter all of Westwood’s species, together with all those referred to new genera by Giebel. Finally, a few years ago, HE. Geinitz proposed for a Triassic species described by him, and one previously published by Heer, the new generic term JMesobdlattina.
There is no question that the forms described by West- wood, after eliminating the one separated by Giebel under the name of Nethania, form a very distinct group ; but none of the species since added to it belong here, so that
BLATTIDIUM
should stand much as first limited (though not described) by Westwood. Probably, however, it should be still further restricted by the elimination of B. achelous, Westwood. The
62 Mr. S. H. Scudder on MWesozote Cockroaches.
wings are exceedingly long and slender, particularly in B. symyrus, Westw. (which may be taken as the type), with nearly or quite parallel sides. The mediastinal vein termi- nates not far from the middle of the wing, and sends out a multitude of crowded offshoots to the margin. The scapular vein unites in the basal third of the wing with the externo- median, and throws off rather distant oblique veins, first to the mediastinal and afterwards to the border. The externo- median and internomedian veins have together several more or less forked very longitudinal branches, all of which appear to terminate on the apical margin, while the main anal vein, longitudinally oblique, extends nearly as far as the medias- tinal, and the outer half of the inner margin of the wing seems to have no veins falling upon it; the veins of the anal area run obliquely from the margin upward and outward to the main anal vein.
As to the genera of Giebel, six species are placed by him in Rithma, two in LElisama, and one in Nethania. The species of Nethania is rather too uncertainly figured to deter- mine by the illustration alone where it belongs. The two species of
E,LISAMA
figured by Brodie certainly belong together, and seem to con- stitute a natural genus. By the kindness of the Rev. Mr. Brodie I have seen the original of his pl. v. fig. 1 (Zlisama Knert of Giebel) and another specimen which seems to belong to E. minor, so that I can more fully characterize this genus. The mediastinal and scapular veins appear here to constitute one vein, and to occupy almost the entire upper half of the wing. ‘The externomedian and internomedian veins fill the lower half between them with parallel veins, which at their origin curve at once strongly downward, and then run longi- tudinally to the apical margin, leaving only the meagrest possible space to the anal area, which is indeed broken off from the two specimens I have seen, and does not appear in the figures published by Brodie. In addition, in both the species there is an abundant but imperfect cross-venation at the base of the externomedian and internomedian areas, and on the latter a large discoloured spot, which may of course be confined to these two species only.
RITHMA contains more incongruous material. I have myself recog- nized in the English species I have examined autoptically only one of the species referred to it, named A. Murchisont
Mr. S. H. Scudder on Mesozoic Cockroaches. 63
by Giebel, and this is certainly to be referred to Mesoblattina, Geinitz. 2. ramificata is quite too imperfect to be considered until better specimens occur. It is probable that &. antiqua should be separated from the others, and the same may be true of &. Westwoodi. This leaves two species, Rk. purbec- censis and R. Morris’, which agree well together, and repre- sent a group which seems to have flourished in Mesozoic times, as I have seen a number of species from the English Lias belonging to it; and Blattina formosa, Heer, from Schambelen, and Slattina liasina, Gieb., figured by Brodie, also belong here. These wings are rounded wedge-shaped, with the amalgamated mediastinal and scapular area so large as to occupy about half of the wing, the vein running in a slightly sinuous course to, or even below, the tip. The anal area is generally pretty large, convex, and filled with parallel veins, which terminate on the margin. The space between is divided about equally between the externomedian and internomedian veins, which generally take a somewhat sinuous course, and fork with tolerable abundance, filling the space with graceful lines, spreading like (sinuous) rays of a fan. The genus is closely related to Neorthroblattina of the American Trias, but differs from it in the much greater area covered by the amalgamated mediastinal and scapular veins. The following described species may be referred to it :—
fithma purbeccensis.
Rithma purbeccensis, Gieb. Faun. d. Vorw. iii. p. 319. Figured by Westw. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. x. pl. xviii. fig. 32.
Lower Purbecks, Durdlestone Bay, England.
Rithma Morrisi.
Rithma Morrisi, Gieb. Faun. d. Vorw. ii. p. 319. Figured by Westw. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond. x. pl. xvii. fig. 34.
Lower Purbecks, Durdlestone Bay, England.
Rithma formosa.
Blattina formosa, Heer, Lias Ins. Aarg. p. 15, pl. H. figs. 41, 42; id. Urw. Schweiz. pl. vil fies. 1,16 a : iss
Lias, Schambelen, Switzerland.
Rithma l“asina.
Blattina liasina, Gieb. Faun. d. Vorw. iii. p. 317. Figured by Brodie, Foss. Ins. Engl. pl. viii. fig. 12.
Lower Lias of Wainlode, Strensham, England.
64. Mr. S. H. Scudder on Mesozoie Cockroaches.
MESOBLATTINA,
proposed by E. Geinitz, as stated, for two Liassic species of continental Europe, is a most prolific type, a considerable number of English Mesozoic forms falling here, and among others, as remarked above, those figured by Westwood and described by Giebel under the name of Authma Murchisone and R. antiqua. The former of these, as well as a consider- able number of new species, have been sent to me by Mr. Brodie. In this genus the basal sweep of the externomedian and internomedian veins is very noticeable, following as they do the curve of the anal furrow before branching to fill the lower half of the wing. In this respect they remind one strongly of Elisama; but the wings are much slenderer than there, and, what is of more importance, the anal area is of the normal size, while next the humeral angle is seen a flat unveined field, so frequent in modern cockroaches. To this belong, among others, the following species :—
Mesoblattina protypa. Mesoblattina protypa, Gein. Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch. 1880, pp. 019, 520, pl. xxii. fig. 1. Lias of Dobbertin, Germany.
Mesoblattina angustata.
Mesoblattina angustata, Gein. Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch. 1880,
pp. 519, 520. Blattina angustata, Heer, Viert. naturf. Gesell. Zurich, ix. pp. 288- 300, pl. fig. 6.
Lias of Schambelen, Switzerland.
Mesoblattina dobbertinensis, Gein. Mesoblattina dobbertinensis, Gein. Zeitschr. deutsch. Geol. Gesellsch. 1884, p. 570, pl. xiii. fig. 1. Lias of Dobbertin, Germany.
Mesoblattina Murchisoné. Rithma Murchisoni, Gieb. Ins. d. Vorw. p. 319. Figured by Westw. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. x. pl. xviii. fig. 43. Lower Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay, England.
Mesoblattina antiqua.
Rithma antigua, Gieb. Ins. d. Vorw. p. 319. Figured by Westw. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. x. pl. xvii. fig. 10.
Lower Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay, England.
Mesoblattina elongata.
Blatta elongata, Gieb. Ins. d. Vorw. p. 322. Figured by Westw. - Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. x. pl. xv. fig. 23.
Middle Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay, England.
Bibliographical Notices. 65
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
The Birds of Lancashire. By F. 8. Mircuett. Post 8vo. London: Van Voorst, 1885.
WE hail the appearance of Mr. F. 8. Mitchell’s neat and exhaustive little handbook on ‘The Birds of Lancashire’ with great pleasure. Previous to the issue of this work we possessed no standard infor- mation of any kind in a collective form respecting the avifauna of the vast district lying between the Bristol Channel and the Solway Firth. This hiatus is keenly felt by those naturalists who have occasion to work out the distribution of birds in the British Islands. The west of England and the whole of Wales have been much neglected by the “local naturalists ;” but we hope that the careful observations made by Mr. Mitchell will prove contagious, and that his useful handbook will be followed by similar works dealing with the other western counties, until the birds are as well known and their distribution as accurately determined as in the eastern counties. Without aspiring to the pretensions of such works as Stevenson’s ‘ Birds of Norfolk’ or Gray’s ‘ Birds of the West of Scotland,’ Mr. Mitchell’s handbook supplies us with much informa- tion which we fail to find in those more elaborate works. We allude to the careful way in which the time of arrival and the date at which each species lays its eggs is given—information which will be of the highest service to many a young naturalist in the northern counties. Nor will the numerous local names of birds be less welcome to many readers. Much valuable information is given respecting the occurrence of wild fowl on the coasts of a county eminently suited to the requirements of such birds, which the shore- shooter will do well to study ; and many “straight tips” and quiet hints are given respecting the modes by which they are captured ; whilst a considerable amount of interesting archeological informa- tion is incorporated. The charming woodcuts by Whymper of the “decoy pipes,” showing the method by which the wary ducks are lured to their doom, are exceptionally realistic. In addition to numerous woodcuts the work is embellished by two beautiful coloured plates by Keulemans, one of the Black-throated Wheatear (a bird which has hitherto only been met with in the United King- dom in Lancashire), and the other of the Wall-Creeper. Several occurrences of rare birds in the British Islands are here recorded apparently for the first time; and not a few interesting particulars are given concerning the habits of many species. We must doubt, however, the correctness of Mr. Mitchell’s assertion that the Star- ling is only single-brooded—in the adjoining county of York it certainly rears two, if not three, broods in the season. Lancashire compares most favourably with other counties with regard to its avifauna, which we are told numbers 256 species. No less than 116 of these are given as breeding within the limits of the county,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xvi. 5
66 Bibliographical Notices.
whilst 65 are winter visitors and 75 occasional visitors. The range of each is carefully traced through the county, and the time of arrival, nidification, number of broods, number of eggs, comparative abun- dance, together with numerous notes of. local interest and peculi- arities of habit, are given.
In short, Mr. Mitchell has performed his task well, and has obviously been at much pains to render his information as complete and reliable as possible. The work will be welcome and useful to all who take an interest in British birds, and must prove indispen- sable to the many north-country artisan-naturalists whose leisure time from toil in noisy mill or factory is spent in studying natural history in the suburbs of their crowded towns. We hope that provincial naturalists will not rest until every county not yet favoured with a handbook to its bird-life can boast of one planned with as much care and carried out with as much completeness as the useful and interesting little volume before us.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palcontologia Indica, being Figures and Descriptions of the Organic Remains procured during the Progress of the Geological Survey of India. Published by order of His Excellency the Governor-General of India in Council. Series x. Indian Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Verte- brata.—Vol. III. Part 1. Additional Siwalik Perissodactyla and Proboscidia, with 5 plates and 6 woodcuts. Part 2. Stalk and Narbada Bunodont Suina, with 7 plates and 1 woodeut. Part 3. Rodents and new Ruminants from the Siwaliks, and Synopsis of Mammalia, with 1 plate and 8 woodeuts. Part 4. Siwalik Birds, with 2 plates. Part 5. Mastodon Teeth from Perim Island, with 2 plates. By R. Lypexxmr, B.A., F.GS., F.Z.8. 4to. Calcutta: Geological Survey Office. London: Triibner & Co. 1884.
Tur Memoirs included in Mr. Lydekker’s third volume of Indian Tertiary Vertebrata are varied in matter and vary in importance. We may say of the yolume as a whole, that it makes an important, valuable, and welcome contribution to the knowledge of the subjects of which it treats; and every anatomist will need to examine in detail the materials described and discussed in the successively issued parts of the work.
Part 1 opens with an account of Accratherium Blanfordi, founded on materials collected by Mr. W. T. Blanford in the Lower Siwaliks of the extreme west of India.
Upper molar teeth of two races of this rhinoceros are described, which differ in size. Its affinities are with the Rhinoceros pale- indicus, which, however, has the external surface of the molar teeth flatter. The bases of the two colles are in contact in A. paleindicus, and that species wants the tubercle at the entrance to the median valley. The distinction of A. Blanfordi from Rhinoceros sivalensis
Bibliographical Notices. 67
is found in that species having the second costa of the molar teeth more prominent, in the anterior collis having no vertical groove on its posterior side, in the ante-crotchet of A. Blanfordi being absent, while the crotchet is relatively larger. The molar teeth of Aceratherium perimense are distinguished from those of A. Blanfordi by greater development of the buttress and costa, while the ante- crotchet is less developed, and the posterior valley forms a deep pit instead of a slit. Figures are given of the mandible, showing its general form, and indicating that the symphysis approximated to the characters of the Javan rhinoceros.
The lower molars have a faint trace of an external cingulum. After comparing this Indian fossil with other species of rhinoceros, the author concludes that there is a strong presumption that it is an Aceratherium, though it is difficult at present to establish distinc- tion from its American allies. The two races are distinguished as majus and minus. Among Kuropean types it finds its nearest ally in A. inciswwum; and the Rhinoceros deccanensis is thought to have been a descendant from the same stock as Aceratherium Blan- ordi.
- Hipparion antilopmum has a cranium referred to it from the Siwaliks of Perim Island, in which the teeth exhibit the com- plete isolation of the anterior pillar characteristic of Hipparion, though the pillar is less elongated than in the teeth referred to H. Theobaldi. Still, the skull is only determined provisionally, and is compared with H. gracile, with the conclusion that the form of the posterior maxillary cavity establishes a specific distinction. Other teeth from Perim Island are described, and if they prove to belong to a new species it may be named JH, Feddeni.
The remainder of the memoir is devoted to Mastodons. Three tretalophodont species and two trilophodont species have been already described from the Siwaliks, and the author now indi- cates trilophodont types. Concerning the genealogy of the Elephants, it is observed that the presence of simple tetraconodon$ premolars in some Mastodons suggests their descent from some ungulate with teeth of this type, in which premolars were as fully developed as molars; and that it is merely necessary to assume the addition of an extra pair of columns in each of the true molars of the Bunodont Artiodactyla to produce a dentition analo- gous to that of the simple-toothed Mastodons. A variety of Mas- todon angustidens named M. paleindicus is described from teeth. It has a tendency to a rather more complex structure of the molars than is usual in the European type, and there is a greater curvature of the borders of the crown in the third molar of the lower jaw, both these characters approximating towards MW. pandionis, with which it is associated in the extreme western border of India. Further descriptions are given of teeth of Mastodon pandionis, which is also closely allied to Mastodon angustidens, though the structure of the molars is more complex and the cement of the teeth is deve- loped. It appears to have survived to a later epoch than WM. angustidens, being found in the Upper Siwaliks.
68 Bibliographical Notices.
The third type of this group is the new species Trilophodon Falconeri. The tooth differs from those of M. pandionis in its smooth enamel, low vertical ridges, wide transverse valley, and trefoil- shaped dentine islets.
Part 2 opens with a statement of the author’s conviction that the Indian species of Dinotherium must be maintained, and are not to be identified with the European type.
Dr. Falconer’s divisions of the genus Hippopotamus, named Hexa- protodon and Tetraprotodon, are here united, and Leidy’s genus Che- ropsis is included with them in the genus Hippopotamus. Some account is given of crania of Hippopotamus sivalensis, in which the molar teeth vary in proportions ; and the author finds that a large series of vertebre and limb-bones show distinctions from Hippopo- tamus amphibius. The spinous process of the axis is higher, the odon- toid process blunter; the scapula has its long diameter shorter ; the femur apparently includes two types; the astragalus is longer than in H. amphibius and approximates to the pigs.
A small hippopotamus from Burma, named by Falconer and Cautley Heaaprotodon wravaticus, is distinguished from H. sivalensis by the shorter symphysis and the greatly diminished interval be- tween the canines, in which characters it makes a nearer approach to the pigs than any other hippopotamus. The species H. nama- dicus was referred to by Falconer as larger than H. amphibius or H. swwalensis. It has only been obtained from the Narbadas, and the author observes that the crania referred by Falconer to H. pale- indicus might with equal reason be referred to H. namadicus, and describes a mandible. H. paleindicus presents a singular type of mandible, the jaw being that of a Hevaprotodon in process of con- version into a TYetraprotodon, the middle incisors beimg forced inwards and greatly reduced in size by the development of the first and thirdincisors. The H. ctravaticus is the most generalized Indian species, and steps of successive modification are exhibited by the species 17. swalensis, H. namadicus, and H. paleindicus, at least as shown in the increased shortening of the symphysis of the mandible. H. amphibius in length of symphysis rather exceeds the Narbada hippopotamus, its inner incisors are large and the outer incisors small; but in H. beriensis the small outer incisor has disappeared.
The representatives of swine among the Siwalik rocks are referred to the genera Sus, Hippohyus, Sanitheriwm, and Hyotherium. An interesting summary of modifications of the genus Sus precedes the description of Indian species. Sus giganteus of Falconer and Cautley is described from specimens of crania, dentition, and mandible, so as to show its differences from S. scrofa, S. eristatus, S. barbatus. The third and fourth premolars of this species are wider and stouter than the corresponding teeth of most existing pigs; but the struc- ture is similar to that of the premolars of Tetraconodon. Sus titan is a new species founded on mandible, cranium, teeth, and limb-bones, and is régarded as distinct from S. giganteus. The first and second molars are of narrower and more elongated type than in that species; but whether it is distmct from the European types may admit of
Bibliographical Notices. 69
some doubt, and it is stated that S. titan in the structure of its lower premolars is intermediate between the mandible referred to S. giganteus and the fossil Kuropean pigs. Another species is named Sus Falconeri, and although the name is new it is adapted to some well-known materials. Its cranium approximates to that of the living S. barbatus of Borneo, though the living species has the palate more produced behind the third molar tooth; and this fossil is well distinguished from most of the other fossil species by the structure of its molars, which are of complex character. In this structure it makes an approximation to Phacochwrus, especially in its last lower molars, which might be converted into those of Phacochwrus if the main columns were isolated and reduced to the size of the accessory columns. In another direction the teeth of this species approximate to the still more complex molars of Hippohyus.. Sus hysudricus is a fourth species, figured by Falconer, known from ample materials, which indicate that it is distinct from living pigs in having larger and stouter premolars, which somewhat approximate to those of the African river-hogs, and in having the molars of the male wider with lower crowns. ‘The last upper molars have a conspicuously developed cingulum. A fifth species is Sus punja- biensts, known froma mandible. It was a diminutive pig, no larger than the existing pigmy hog of Nepaul, of which it is supposed to be the ancestor. It was about as large as a hare.
Hippohyus sivalensis is described from the cranium and mandible, which make some approximation to Hyotherium, though the struc- ture of the molars is much simpler. The true molars somewhat resemble those of Hippopotamus, but have the longitudinal and trans- verse valleys equally developed. The molars may also be compared with those of Hemimeryx or Hyopotamus.
Samtherium Schlagintweitt of Von Meyer is identified with the Sus pusillus of Falconer. This genus has a well-marked cingulum which distinguishes it from Hzppohyus, and in several respects. it makes an approximation to Sus.
Hyotherium is another genus of Von Meyer’s hitherto somewhat loosely identified, which the author recognizes in India. The species H. scindiensis is known from a few molar teeth. In Hyotherium European specimens show that the canines and lower incisors are but little specialized.
Tetraconodon magnus is a Siwalik type only known from molars and mandible.
Listriodon, which occurs in the Middle Miocene of Europe, is represented by two species in the Siwaliks. It was referred to the genus Tapirus by Falconer, and classed with the Bunodont Suina by Lartet. The species L. pentapotamie is closely allied to the Euro- pean form; but the second species, LZ. Theobaldi, is smaller and distinguished by having the transverse valley wider and more open, and by wanting oblique ridges running from the anterior and posterior cingula to the summits of the main ridges. The memoir concludes with a list of writings upon the fossils described.
In the third part are descriptions of a few rodents from the
70 Bibliographical Notices.
Siwalik beds. Ahizomys sivalensis is known from mandibles and a caleaneum, and appears to be distinguished from living species by the relative size and breadth of the molar teeth. The porcupines are represented by a mandible named Hystrix sivalensis. Com- parisons are made to distinguish it from H. cristata and H. hirsute- rostris, a8 well as to show its relations with other fossil species. A young cranium is also figured which probably belongs to the same species. Then follow supplementary notes on ruminants. First the Cervus latidens of a previous volume is redescribed as Oreas? latidens, with the conclusion that the dentition indicates a large antelope nearly equal to the eland, having marked affinity with Oreas and less conspicuous affinity with Zragoceros and Palcoryx. An upper molar is similarly referred with doubt to the genus Pale- oryx. Other remains are considered to indicate the genus Bosela- phus. Tragulus sivalensis is a Siwalik type known from its teeth, and the author finds no difference but size to separate the fossil -from existing species, though such slight variation as exists makes some approach to Moschus. Moschus is a genus indicated with doubt on the evidence of a premolar, and it is remarked that it is impossible to distinguish this tooth from that of the musk-deer except by its smaller size.
The genus Cervus, enlarged to include the various subgenera, yields two new species. Cervus stmplicidens closely approaches in tooth-characters to Cervus awis, having the necks of the crowns of the true molars on different levels; but in the living species the third upper premolar is relatively shorter, the outer part of the fourth premolar rather less symmetrical, and the true molars rela- tively wider. Cervus triplidens is nearly allied to the C. Davidi- anus. They have strongly marked coste on their outer surfaces, and the crowns are higher than those of Cervus simplicidens. A third species, Cervus sivalensis, is represented by teeth resembling those of C. Duvaucelli, but having more rugose enamel, a distinct cingulum, and a smaller accessory column in the molar teeth.
Then succeeds a useful synopsis of the Siwalik and Narbada Mammalia, with references to the original descriptions and to the previous parts of the present work. Advantage is taken of this recapitulation to vary the nomenclature of some of the types.
Part 4 is devoted to the Siwalik birds, some of which have already been described by Mr. William Davies. Among these is the Pelecanus Cautleyi, founded on the distal extremity of a left ulna. Although the comparisons have shown it to be distinct from such species as were available for comparison, the author regards the name as provisional, since existing species remain with which no comparison can be made.
A second species is the Pelecanus sivalensis, also founded on the distal extremity of an ulna, and for similar reasons the name is regarded as provisional. Phalacrocoraa 1s known from a meta- tarsus, and is almost undistinguishable from P. carbo of New Zealand. Leptoptilus Faleoneri is founded on yarious remains, which also appear to the author to make the name provisional. An indeter-
Bibliographical Notices. 71
minate cervical vertebra is regarded as indicating a Siwalik stork or allied form. The genus Mergus is quoted with doubt on the evidence of a cervical vertebra. Struthio asiaticus was an ostrich closely allied to the existing species, and the author doubts whether the slight differences in their cervical vertebre can be of more than individual or varietal value; so that this species is regarded as pro- visional.
The Dromeus sivalensis has since been withdrawn by the author on the ground that the bones must be referred to an Artiodactylate mammal,
Part 5 is devoted to Mastodon teeth from Perim Island. They comprise the first and last upper true molars of Mastodon pandionis, and the second right upper true molar, upper milk-molars, and penultimate lower molar of Mastodon perimensis; and having described these teeth in detail, the author regards it as evident that the tetralophodont M. perimensis is a more specialized form than the trilophodont MW. pandionis. In order to convert the teeth of the latter into the former type it is necessary that the anterior accessory columns should be less developed, so that the valleys would be more open. A fourth ridge should be developed in the intermediate molars, and a fifth ridge and double talon in the last molar. Both species have cement in the valleys. It is considered as likely that Mastodon sivalensis is a descendant from the stock of Mastodon pandionis, and it is thought probable that Mastodon pan- dionis and Mastodon pentelict are both branches from the older stock of Mastodon angustidens.
In this volume a considerable mass of material is made known and illustrated by figures, which for the most part are excellent ; and it is a great gain to paleontology for naturalists to be in possession of the author’s descriptions. Admirable in many ways, the work suffers from the disjointed manner in which the growth of material has caused the parts to be issued; and some of the descriptions rather convey the impression of unnecessary haste in publishing what might perhaps have been perfected by fuller con- sideration. There is an appearance of desiring to leave nothing for those who may come hereafter, and yet at the same time to leave open a way for retiring from positions which future research may make untenable. Many of the species instituted by the author seem to us to be founded on characters which would justify us in extending to them the term provisional, which so often characterizes species founded by others. Space might sometimes have been gained which could with advantage have been taken for more ex- tended description. Not but what the descriptions are excellent in their way, only they could in many cases have been fuller with advantage. The author’s strong interest is rather with what may be termed genetic comparisons. He has done much to unravel the affinities of species by comparing them with existing and fossil allies ; and the speculations on descent of species are usually justi- fied by the nature of the materials and the interest of the problems involved. But suggestive as this pursuit of evolution undoubtedly
72 Bibliographical Notices.
is, its value is always in proportion to the degree to which evidence has been previously elaborated by laborious descriptions and com- parative figures. The author’s mental attitude rather disposes him to write for those who have already written on similar subjects, than for the many who might become students. But even in this he has impressed his own individuality on his work in his own way, and we take that work with much gratitude for the labour, ability, and research which it manifests.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Paleontologia Indica, being Fiyures and Descriptions of the Organe Remans procured during the progress of the Geological Survey of India. Published by order of His Excellency the Governor-General of India in Council. Seriesiv. Vol. I. Part 4. The Labyrinthodont from the Byort Group. By R. Lypexxer, B.A., F.G.S., F.Z.8. With 4 plates. Calcutta: Geological Survey Office. London: Tribner & Co. 1885.
Tue Labyrinthodont which gives a title to this memoir is a new generic type named by the author Gondwanosaurus byoriensis. The name is taken from the geological series, Gondwana system, in which it occurs, and the Bijori group, an upper subdivision of the same series in the Satpura district. ‘The preservation is not all that could be desired, the bones having disappeared from the exposed portions of the specimen. The skull is about the size of that of the well-known Lovomma Allmanni, and is shown to be labyrinthodont by the structure of the teeth, a parietal foramen, the presence of epiotic cornua, and the structure of the thoracic shield. Only in the region of tthe epiotic bones is there a trace of external surface, and there the ornament is closely pitted. The exoccipital region appears to show no trace of the characteristic amphibian exoccipital condyles, a character not without importance in determining the classificatory position of this animal and its allies. The author relies mainly upon the figures to convey a conception of the form, proportions, and structure of the skull, and the relations of its several elements. The outline was triangular, with a rounded muzzle, the length to the breadth being as two to three. The orbits are oval, separated by the diameter of an orbit, and are in the posterior half of the cranium. The parietal foramen is just behind the eyes. An oval plate, which has the aspect of a perforation in the cranial bone, occurs on each side of the foramen. The author regards this as a bony pedicle ; but having only the figure to judge from, it appears to us to be an indication of minute temporal fossa, and if so is not entirely without interest as bearing upon the affini- ties of the group. In the pre-orbital region there is on one side a slight depression, thought to indicate a small lyra. The nares appear to have been near the extremity of the snout. On the palatal aspect there is a similar absence of bony elements ; but a
Bibliographical Notices. 73
large median element is determined as parasphenoid, on each side of which are bones that appear to be pterygoids. The vomer and palatine are regarded as forming the arrow-head-shaped anterior exposed part of the palate. The mandible is long, straight, and diminishes in depth anteriorly from the condyle. An oval man- dibular foramen is described on the middle of the under surface of the jaw. The teeth are imperfect. One or two palato-vomerine teeth remain, and the maxilla and dentary part of the mandible each carry a row of small, close-set, sharp, subcylindrical teeth, which extend back to the orbits. The dentine is simply plicated. Some larger teeth appear to have been placed behind the palatal teeth. The vertebral column is only known from an imperfect cast. The notochord is represented by a large cylinder, somewhat constricted in the middle of each centrum ; the intervertebral foramina appear from the figure to have been exceptionally long, The author finds that each vertebra consisted of a bony neural arch, from which a bony plate descended on each side and joined the median ventral portion, and he sees in this structure an analogue of the vertebrae of Archegosaurus and Huchirosaurus. Each centrum is supposed to support parts of two neural arches. There are impressions of fifteen ribs, which have the usual expanded extremities and double head. The tho- racic shield is well preserved, though the central plate is imperfect posteriorly. It is ornamented with radiating sculpture, most deve- loped in front. It has the usual long rhomboidal form. The lateral plates overlap the anterior part of the median plate and terminate posteriorly in a sharp process, beyond which another small shield is found. The dermal scutes appear to have had the form of oats, and were arranged in oblique rows, forming a chevron pattern, with the angle forward, along the length of the specimen. The notochordal character of the vertebral column, with minor ossifications in the centrum, and the simply plicate dentine distinguish this type from all the large labyrinthodonts except Archegosaurus ; and it differs from that genus in the breadth of the interorbital space, development of the epiotic cornua, in wanting a post-articular process of the mandible, which, on the other hand, has an internal articular buttress ; and it further differs in having the rami of the mandible anchylosed, in having large palato-vomerine teeth, with a few man- dibular tusks forming an inner series near the symphysis, and in having the summits of the neural spines expanded from front to back and transversely. The author is disposed to refer the genus to the Archegosauride, and it is supposed to be a more specialized type than Archegosaurvs, and of aquatic habit; its geological age is probably Permian.
The memoir concludes with a list of writings on Labyrinthodonts published since 1874. It is an excellent monograph, elaborated in the author’s best manner,
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xvi. 6
74 Miscellaneous.
MISCELLANEOUS.
A long-tongued Pteropine Bat from West Africa. By Dr. H. A. PAcENsTECHER.
Megaloglossus Wermanni, nov. gen. et spec.
Long-tongued fruit-eating Bats have not hitherto been found further west than the Himalayas. Our Museum (Hamburg) has just received one through M. Soyanx, from Lsibange-Fann in Gaboon. This great change in our zoogeographical experience justi- fies a preliminary communication.
Our animal belongs to Dobson’s second group of the Macroglossi: —‘ Second finger with a distinct claw ; intermaxillary bones united
in front.” It has the full dentition with 24-435 on each side.
If Melonycteris had not been separated from Macroglossus the pre- sent species might also have been left in Macroglossus. In size and in some of its characters it is intermediate between these two genera ; but in other points it departs more from Macroglossus than Melonycteris. The tail, wanting in Melonycteris, has here two vertebre more than in Macroglossus. The membrane on the foot, ori- ginating in Macroglossus from the fourth toe and in Melonycteris from the third, originates here with narrow bands from the third and second. The muzzle is still simpler than in either genus; the second premolar, both above and below, projects beyond the others ; two posterior palatal folds are divided, as in Melonycteris, while they are not so in Macroglossus. As the tongue is as long as in the much larger Melonycteris melanops, Dobs. (alboscapulatus, Ramsay), and at the same time broad, I propose the generic name of Megalo- glossus.
The species is dark brown, rather lighter on the body; total length from the muzzle to the interfemoral membrane 90, of the forearm 45, of the third finger 80 millim.
The species will be fully described and figured in the supplement to the Annual Report on the Museum for 1885.—Zool. Anzeiger, April 27, 1885, no. 193, p. 245.
On the Mode of Development of Cantharis vesicatoria. By M. H. Beavreearp,
After three years of investigations I have the satisfaction of being able to present to the Academy the solution of a question which has hitherto remained a mystery. It has been attempted in vain to ascertain where Cantharis vesicatoria was developed, and whence came those dense masses of insects which annually settle upon the ash trees and completely strip them of their leaves.
When, in the course of the investigation that I have undertaken upon the tribe Vesicantia, I came to the question of the develop- ment of the Cantharis, M. Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, had succeeded by artificial rearing in demonstrating that the Cantharis passes through the various stages of hypermetamorphosis, and that its larvee live upon honey. As he had only published very succinct descrip- tions, unaccompanied by figures, of the various states of the insect, I
Miscellaneous. 75
was obliged to repeat these artificial breedings for myself. My experiments succeeded.
I then made excavations with the purpose of collecting the pseudo- chrysalis, the form under which the Cantharis winters. I soon found pseudochrysalides very like those of which | was in search, but which, on exclusion, furnished me with Cerocoma Schreberi, a vesicant beetle, the mode of development of which was also unknown. I had the honour to communicate these results to the Academy at its meeting of 21st July, 1884.
At the end of that year, in the beginning of December, I was enabled by the liberality of the Municipal Council to undertake another journey into the departments of Vaucluse and Gard. I returned to Aramon, when J had found the Cerocoma. I was attracted to that place by the exceptional abundance of the Cantha- rides. ‘This locality is near Avignon, Some sandhills, which were worked some years ago and then abandoned, are frequented by numerous Hymenoptera, and form an excellent investigation-ground.
In the same mound in which I had found the Cerocoma, I col- lected, at a depth of more than 1 metre in the wall, some pseudo- chrysalides of large size and of a pale-straw colour, which I noticed in my book of observations as resembling in their various characters those which I had obtained in my artificial rearings. These pseudo- chrysalides were found in the midst of an innumerable quantity of cells of a Hymenopteron which 1 was able to determine, Colletes signata, and in the vicinity of cells of three or four times the size of another species of Colletes, the exclusion of which I have not yet obtained.
On my return to Paris with my booty I had the mortification to see a certain number of my pseudochrysalides gradually wither away, so that in the month of May I had only two left in good con- dition. At this period no appreciable change had taken place, when,
on the 12th May, the integument of one of my pseudochrysalides split upon the back, and I saw issue from it a larva (the third larva of the Vesicantia), which, after three or four days of activity, fell into complete torpor. On the 26th May my larva changed into a pupa, and I could then, from the characters of the antenne, head, and prothorax, assure myself that this time I was not in presence of the Cerocoma, and my anxiety became extreme. I compared it with the pups of Cantharides which I had artificially reared and preserved; there seemed to me to be no difference between the two forms. The following are the successive modifications that I ob- served.
The eyes acquire a brown and then a black tint; by degrees the mandibles become coloured ; a very slight iridescent tint appears upon the head and then upon the prothorax. On the 5th of June the forehead and the articulations of the legs were coloured brown. The high temperature of the last few days assisting. the transforma- tion was soon complete; the iridescent coloration gave place toa brown tinge and then to green, and I found myself in presence of a Cantharis. The individual is a male.
To sum up, I found the Cantharis in the midst of the cells of
76 Miscellaneous.
various Colletes; it lives, therefore, in the larval state at the expense of those Hymenoptera.
Several reflexions deserve to be recorded here upon this matter :—
1. The pseudochrysalides, which I found in considerable numbers, were not enclosed in the cells of the Hymenoptera, but lay in their vicinity, in the sand. My rearings give me the reason of this fact, —I have always found (and M. Lichtenstein had also pointed this out) that the second larva of the Cantharis, after exhausting its provision of honey, buried itself in the soil, to become converted there into the pseudochrysalis. Things go on in nature as in my experimental tubes, and I find the pseudochrysalis among the sand, ata greater or less distance from the cell in which the larva lived as a parasite. This is a distinctive peculiarity which also belongs to the Cerocoma, and constitutes an important differential character with regard to the mode of development of Svtaris and Stenoria. The latter remain to the close of their evolution within the cells of which they have taken possession, and it is in these cells that we find these pseudochrysalides. The larvee of Cantharis, like those of Cerocoma, are sufficiently powerfully armed to explain easily how, after having exhausted the provision of honey, they succeed in perforating the very thin wall of the cells of the Colletes in order to bury themselves in the sand.
2. I think I may repeat with regard to Cantharis what I said of Cerocoma. I have found the pseudochrysalis of Cantharis in the midst of the cells of Colletes, but I do not think that these Hyme- noptera are the only ones capable of nourishing the parasitic larve. The various subterraneous Hymenoptera which provide their larve with a pasty honey may be indifferently the hosts of these parasites, and in proof of this I have the artificial rearmgs. M. Lichtenstein succeeded in rearing the larve of Cantharis by feeding them on the honey of Ceratina. I have also succeeded by means of the honey of Megachile and that of Osmia tridentata.
3. It seems probable, considering the comparatively small size of the cells of Colletes signata, that, in order to arrive at its full deve- lopment, the Cantharis must consume the honey of several cells. It is easy to understand that this may be the case when one knows the voracity with which the larve of this insect devour honey and the activity that they display.
In conclusion, I shall record an experiment that I have made for the purpose of destroying once for all the idea put forward by Neutwich, who asserts that the vesicating power of the Cantharides is only developed after copulation. I have already shown that the cantharidine has its chief locality in the generative organs; and I have taken advantage of an opportunity that occurred to me of studying the action of those organs, with perfect certainty that there had been no copulation, since the insect had attained the perfect state under my own eyes. I therefore removed the generative organs from the insect on the 7th June at 11 o’clock in the morning, and applied them immediately upon my forearm after the method which I have already indicated. At 5 o’clock in the evening the apparatus was removed, and a considerable vesicle was soon deve- loped. This experiment can leave no doubt as to the error committed by Neutwich.—Comptes Rendus, June 8, 1885, p. 1472.
UT S OF NU MBER. 91.—Fifth Series.
ec Page “ihe a. On some Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hydrozoa. By Joun J. Be, Quztcn, B.Sc. (Lond.), Natural History Museum. (Plates1.& II). 1
Pia IL. N otes to the Australian Sponges recently described by H. J. Carter, F.R.S. By Dr. R. v. Lenpenrerp, in Sydney ............ 20
A III. On the Leredo utriculus of Gmelin, with Remarks upon other Sinip- worms. By SYLVANUS Ean BES Oo cc dies: Sala genial g 25
a Pr, ay .
IY. Report on the Testaceous Mollusca obtained during a Dredging-excursion in the Gulf of Suez in the Months of February and March 1869. By Roszrr MacAnprew.—Republished, with Additions and Corrections, by Atrrep Hanps Cooxn, M.A., Curator
in Zoology, Museum of Zooloey and Comparative Anatomy, Cam-
a a
at = eee
SS
; ree ra Me Ny ssc ena iatr alk: Mavs oy yiaiedele ree ielnt coa'e baie Sage x= 32 — -Y. On Doratopteryx of Rogenhofer, a Genus of Moths allied to os Himantopterus. By Arruvur G. Burren, A Lids EGA ag WOT eek shes t 51 | YI. On the Blue-belted Species of Butterfly-genus Prothoé.
: By Agraur G. SLL Tivo hehe G5) By aa OY Abt ted Ce eagle aT eRe IR STEER 52 | VII. N otes on Mesozoic Cockroaches, | By Samvret H.Scupprr .. 54 | BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
: | - Tho Birds fi Lancashire. By F.S. Mrrowett .............0.... 65 _ Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Pabsoatolons Indica,
being Figures and Descriptions of the Organic Remains procured during the Progress of the Geological Survey of India. Series x. Indian Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Vertebrata. — Vol. ILI. Parts \—5. . By Kp Lyprxxer, BAL, E.G:S. F.Z8.0 2. 2. O6
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palezontologia Indica, being Figures and Descriptions of the Organic Remains procured during the Progress of the Geological Survey of India. Series iv. Vol. I. Part 4, The Labyrinthodont from the Biori Group.
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VIIL.—Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of the Lacertilia. By G. A. BOULENGER.
In the present article I do not intend to give a detailed account of the geographical distribution of Lizards—a work which has to be postponed until the revision of all the genera and species is completed. But, general as these notes are, they will, I trust, be sufficient to establish an important fact, viz. the very great difference between the geographical distribu- tion of Lizards and that of other groups of reptiles, and especially of the Batrachians, of whose distribution I have lately* treated.
The accounts hitherto given of the geographical distribu- tion of reptiles were founded upon material chiefly derived from the works of Duméril and Bibron and of Gray. It has already been pointed out how artificial many of the syste- matic groups adopted by these authors are, and I have recently endeavoured to replace them by a more natural arrangement. No one will deny that a classification based on osteological as well as external characters must lead to a better understanding of the affinities of animals—afiinities which are so frequently concealed under superficial appear-
ances. * Cat. Batr, Grad. &e. p. 105. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol, xvi. rf
78 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on the Geographical
If we attempt to divide the globe as to its Batrachian fauna, two primary divisions present themselves, viz. a northern zone, comprising the Paleearctic and Nearctic Regions, and an equatorial southern zone. But for Lizards we have to draw a line from pole to pole, forming the Old World and Australia on the one hand, and America on the other, into primary divisions. And, proceeding to further sub- division, we find that the Hthiopian and Oriental or Indian Regions, which in their Batrachians are so closely related, have little in common as regards Lizards; whilst, on the contrary, the Oriental and Australian, so widely different in their Batrachians, are extremely similar. We find also that the Palearctic or Kuropxo-Asiatic, the Batrachian fauna of which is so well characterized and without any affinity whatever to the Ethiopian, bears the closest resemblance to the latter region, differmg only in the absence of various types which flourish in the tropical and subtropical zones. However, before proceeding to further remarks as to this division, I must give a synopsis of the ranges of the various families into which I have divided the order Lacertilia.
The two families Geckonide and Scincide may be left out, as, being composed of a very large number of genera which are distributed over the whole of the warmer parts of the world, they may be termed cosmopolitan. We must notice, however, that they both agree in being scantily represented in South America and abundantly in Australia. Dismissing also the small family Kublepharide, the extraordinary distri- bution of which (West Africa, Southern Asia from the Euphrates to Bengal, and Central America) is unparalleled, we retain the following families, which, owing to their more restricted range, throw greater light upon the subject. They may be divided into two groups: A.